Skip to main content

Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders in Leukemia and Lymphoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1080 Accesses

Abstract

Paraneoplastic neurological disorders can affect any part of the central or peripheral nervous system. Many of these syndromes have an immunopathogenesis, and are mediated by immunological responses triggered by the presence of a cancer. In this chapter, we focus on paraneoplastic disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system associated with leukemia or lymphoma. We also review paraneoplastic syndromes related to plasma cell malignancies (myeloma, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia), which in contrast to leukemia and lymphoma, frequently cause paraneoplastic neuropathies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dalmau JO, Posner JB (1997) Paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system. Semin Oncol 24:318–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC et al (2004) Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:1135–1140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A et al (2004) Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain 127:1831–1844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Samii A, Dahlen DD, Spence AM et al (2003) Paraneoplastic movement disorder in a patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and CRMP-5 autoantibody. Mov Disord 18:1556–1558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bernal F, Shams’ili S, Rojas I et al (2003) Anti-Tr antibodies as markers of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin’s disease. Neurology 60:230–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baehring JM, Damek D, Martin EC et al (2003) Neurolymphomatosis. Neurooncol 5:104–115

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gherardi R, Gaulard P, Prost C et al (1986) T-cell lymphoma revealed by a peripheral neuropathy. A report of two cases with an immunohistologic study on lymph node and nerve biopsies. Cancer 58:2710–2716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Odabasi Z, Parrott JH, Reddy VV et al (2001) Neurolymphomatosis associated with muscle and cerebral involvement caused by natural killer cell lymphoma: a case report and review of literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 6:197–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Markert A, May A, Weber J et al (2009) Bilateral renal lymphoma after paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. J Clin Oncol 27:1142–1144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rajappa S, Digumarti R, Immaneni SR et al (2007) Primary renal lymphoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. J Clin Oncol 25:3783–3785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosenfeld MR, Pruitt A (2006) Neurologic complications of bone marrow, stem cell, and organ transplantation in patients with cancer. Semin Oncol 33:352–361

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Seeley WW, Marty FM, Holmes TM et al (2007) Post-transplant acute limbic encephalitis: clinical features and relationship to HHV6. Neurology 69:156–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wainwright MS, Martin PL, Morse RP et al (2001) Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann Neurol 50:612–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Graus F, Dalmau J, Valldeoriola F et al (1997) Immunological characterization of a neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin’s disease. J Neuroimmunol 74:55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Graus F, Gultekin SH, Ferrer I et al (1998) Localization of the neuronal antigen recognized by anti-Tr antibodies from patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin’s disease in the rat nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 96:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hammack J, Kotanides H, Rosenblum MK et al (1992) Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. II. Clinical and immunologic findings in 21 patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Neurology 42:1938–1943

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sillevis SP, Kinoshita A, De Leeuw B et al (2000) Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia due to autoantibodies against a glutamate receptor. N Engl J Med 342:21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Carr I (1982) The Ophelia syndrome: memory loss in Hodgkin’s disease. Lancet 1:844–845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. de Bot ST, Dorresteijn LD, Haaxma CA et al (2008) From psychiatric symptoms to paraneoplastic syndrome. Tijdschr Psychiatry 50:603–609

    Google Scholar 

  20. Deodhare S, O‘Connor P, Ghazarian D et al (1996) Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in Hodgkin’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 23:138–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kung S, Mueller PS, Geda YE et al (2002) Delirium resulting from paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis caused by Hodgkin’s disease. Psychosomatics 43:498–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rosenbaum T, Gartner J, Korholz D et al (1998) Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in two teenage girls. Neuropediatrics 29:159–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shinohara T, Kojima H, Nakamura N et al (2005) Pathology of pure hippocampal sclerosis in a patient with dementia and Hodgkin’s disease: the Ophelia syndrome. Neuropathology 25:353–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Werbrouck B, Meire V, De Bleecker JL (2005) Multiple neurological syndromes during Hodgkin lymphoma remission. Acta Neurol Belg 105:48–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dogel D, Beuing O, Koenigsmann M et al (2008) Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis resulting from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: two case reports. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatry 76:41–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mihara M, Sugase S, Konaka K et al (2005) The “pulvinar sign” in a case of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:882–884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Thuerl C, Muller K, Laubenberger J et al (2003) MR imaging of autopsy-proved paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Neuroradiol 24:507–511

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Voltz R et al (2000) Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 123:1481–1494

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tüzun E, Dalmau J (2007) Limbic encephalitis and variants: classification, diagnosis and treatment. Neurologist 13:261–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dalmau J, Bataller L (2006) Clinical and immunological diversity of limbic encephalitis: a model for paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 20:1319–1335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Epaulard O, Courby S, Pavese P et al (2004) Paraneoplastic acute diffuse encephalitis revealing Hodgkin’s disease. Leuk Lymphoma 45:2509–2512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bernard P, Vinzio S, Talarmin F et al (2003) Hodgkin’s disease manifesting as paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Rev Med Interne 24:257–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gutmann B, Crivellaro C, Mitterer M et al (2006) Paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome, heterotopic soft tissue ossification and gonarthritis in a HLA B27-positive woman preceding the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematologica 91:ECR59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Anderson DW, Borsaru A (2008) Case report: lymphoma-related resolving paraneoplastic myelopathy with MRI correlation. Br J Radiol 81:e103–e105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lee MT, Lee TI, Won JG et al (2004) Primary hypothalamic lymphoma with panhypopituitarism presenting as stiff-man syndrome. Am J Med Sci 328:124–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lester EP, Feld E, Kinzie JJ et al (1979) Necrotizing myelopathy complicating Hodgkin’s disease. Arch Neurol 36:583–585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dansey RD, Hammond-Tooke GD, Lai K et al (1988) Subacute myelopathy: an unusual paraneoplastic complication of Hodgkin’s disease. Med Pediatr Oncol 16:284–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hughes M, Ahern V, Kefford R et al (1992) Paraneoplastic myelopathy at diagnosis in a patient with pathologic stage 1A Hodgkin disease. Cancer 70:1598–1600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schold SC, Cho ES, Somasundaram M et al (1979) Subacute motor neuronopathy: a remote effect of lymphoma. Ann Neurol 5:271–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Younger DS, Rowland LP, Latov N et al (1990) Motor neuron disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: relation of high CSF protein content to paraproteinemia and clinical syndromes. Neurology 40:595–599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Adamus G, Aptsiauri N, Guy J et al (1996) The occurrence of serum autoantibodies against enolase in cancer-associated retinopathy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 78:120–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. To KW, Thirkill CE, Jakobiec FA et al (2002) Lymphoma-associated retinopathy. Ophthalmology 109:2149–2153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Matus G, Dicato M, Focan C (2007) Cancer associated retinopathy (CAR). Two clinical cases and review of the literature. Rev Med Liege 62:166–169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Vigliani MC, Magistrello M, Polo P et al (2004) Risk of cancer in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). A population-based study. J Neurol 251:321–326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wada S, Kimura T, Ikegame K et al (2008) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and hyponatremia in a patient with chronic graft versus host disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 48:426–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wanschitz J, Dichtl W, Budka H et al (2006) Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy in Burkitt-like lymphoma. Muscle Nerve 34:494–498

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wen PY, Alyea EP, Simon D et al (1997) Guillain-Barré syndrome following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Neurology 49:1711–1714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rodriguez V, Kuehnle I, Heslop HE et al (2002) Guillain-Barré syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 29:515–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fujisaki G, Kami M, Murashige N et al (2006) Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with rapid immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 37:617–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lachance DH, O‘Neill BP, Harper CM Jr et al (1991) Paraneoplastic brachial plexopathy in a patient with Hodgkin’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc 66:97–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Symonds RP, Hogg RB, Bone I (1994) Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 15:487–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Oh SJ (1997) Paraneoplastic vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system. Neurol Clin 15:849–863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Turner MR, Warren JD, Jacobs JM et al (2003) Microvasculitic paraproteinaemic polyneuropathy and B-cell lymphoma. J Peripher Nerv Syst 8:100–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yadav BS, Sharma SC, Kapoor RK (2006) Paraneoplastic leukocytoclastic vasculitis in chronic lymphoid leukemia. J Cancer Res Ther 2:206–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lahrmann H, Albrecht G, Drlicek M et al (2001) Acquired neuromyotonia and peripheral neuropathy in a patient with Hodgkin’s disease. Muscle Nerve 24:834–838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Caress JB, Abend WK, Preston DC et al (1997) A case of Hodgkin’s lymphoma producing neuromyotonia. Neurology 49:258–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Argov Z, Shapira Y, Averbuch-Heller L et al (1995) Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) in association with lymphoproliferative disorders. Muscle Nerve 18:715–719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tyagi A, Connolly S, Hutchinson M (2001) Lambert-Eaton myaesthenic syndrome: a possible association with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ir Med J 94:18–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Abrey LE (1995) Association of myasthenia gravis with extrathymic Hodgkin’s lymphoma: complete resolution of myasthenic symptoms following antineoplastic therapy. Neurology 45:1019

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ambrosone L, Migliaresi S, Rambaldi A et al (1995) Adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis associated with acute myeloid leukemia. A case report. Clin Rheumatol 14:217–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Langan SM, O‘Briain S, Barnes L (2003) Dermatomyositis associated with angiotropic lymphoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 28:597–599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lima M, Coutinho J, Bernardo L et al (2002) Philadelphia-positive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with polymyositis, migratory polyarthritis and hypercalcemia following a chronic myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 81:174–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Salvatore JR, Sarid R, Harrington J et al (2003) Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the transverse colon presenting as dermatomyositis: case presentation and literature review. Med Oncol 20:413–424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Shen JK, Ding YM, Zhou WJ et al (2008) Polymyositis/dermatomyositis associated with acute myelocytic leukemia. Rheumatol Int 28:1265–1267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Morris P, Herrera-Guerra A, Parham D (2009) Lymphoma arising from a calcinotic lesion in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. Pediatr Dermatol 26:159–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sherry DD, Haas JE, Milstein JM (1993) Childhood polymyositis as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. Pediatr Neurol 9:155–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Steck AJ, Erne B, Gabriel JM et al (1999) Paraproteinaemic neuropathies. Brain Pathol 9:361–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ropper AH, Gorson KC (1998) Neuropathies associated with paraproteinemia. N Engl J Med 338:1601–1607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Lacy MQ et al (2003) POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome. Blood 101:2496–2506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rotta FT, Bradley WG (1997) Marked improvement of severe polyneuropathy associated with multifocal osteosclerotic myeloma following surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Muscle Nerve 20:1035–1037

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Dispenzieri A, Moreno-Aspitia A, Suarez GA et al (2004) Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in 16 patients with POEMS syndrome, and a review of the literature. Blood 104:3400–3407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Silberstein LE, Duggan D, Berkman EM (1985) Therapeutic trial of plasma exchange in osteosclerotic myeloma associated with the POEMS syndrome. J Clin Apher 2:253–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Henze T, Krieger G (1995) Combined high-dose 7S-IgG and dexamethasone is effective in severe polyneuropathy of the POEMS syndrome. J Neurol 242:482–483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Vingerhoets F, Kuntzer T, Delacretaz F et al (1995) Chronic relapsing neuropathy associated with Castleman’s disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia). Eur Neurol 35:336–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ku A, Lachmann E, Tunkel R et al (1995) Severe polyneuropathy: initial manifestation of Castleman’s disease associated with POEMS syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76:692–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA (2005) Treatment of Castleman’s disease. Curr Treat Options Oncol 6:255–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Dimopoulos MA, Panayiotidis P, Moulopoulos LA et al (2000) Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia: clinical features, complications, and management. J Clin Oncol 18:214–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rudnicki SA, Harik SI, Dhodapkar M et al (1998) Nervous system dysfunction in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia: response to treatment. Neurology 51:1210–1213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Weide R, Heymanns J, Koppler H (2000) The polyneuropathy associated with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia can be treated effectively with chemotherapy and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. Br J Haematol 109:838–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wilson HC, Lunn MP, Schey S et al (1999) Successful treatment of IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy with fludarabine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:575–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Latov N (2000) Prognosis of neuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy. Muscle Nerve 23:150–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV, Therneau TM et al (2005) Prognostic factors and predictors of outcome of immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Clin Lymphoma 5:257–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Montoto S, Rozman M, Rosinol L et al (2003) Malignant transformation in IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Semin Oncol 30:178–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dyck PJ, Low PA, Windebank AJ et al (1991) Plasma exchange in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 325:1482–1486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lee YC, Came N, Schwarer A et al (2002) Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for peripheral neuropathy secondary to monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. Bone Marrow Transplant 30:53–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Katz JS, Saperstein DS, Gronseth G et al (2000) Distal acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy. Neurology 54:615–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Vital A, Lagueny A, Julien J et al (2000) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with dysglobulinemia: a peripheral nerve biopsy study in 18 cases. Acta Neuropathol 100:63–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ilyas AA, Quarles RH, Dalakas MC et al (1985) Monoclonal IgM in a patient with paraproteinemic polyneuropathy binds to gangliosides containing disialosyl groups. Ann Neurol 18:655–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Latov N, Hays AP, Donofrio PD et al (1988) Monoclonal IgM with unique specificity to gangliosides GM1 and GD1b and to lacto-N-tetraose associated with human motor neuron disease. Neurology 38:763–768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Nardelli E, Steck AJ, Barkas T et al (1988) Motor neuron syndrome and monoclonal IgM with antibody activity against gangliosides GM1 and GD1b. Ann Neurol 23:524–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Dalakas MC, Quarles RH (1996) Autoimmune ataxic neuropathies (sensory ganglionopathies): are glycolipids the responsible autoantigens? Ann Neurol 39:419–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Goldfarb AR, Weimer LH, Brannagan TH III (2005) Rituximab treatment of an IgM monoclonal autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 31:510–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Niermeijer JM, Eurelings M, Lokhorst HL et al (2009) Rituximab for polyneuropathy with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:1036–1039

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rojas-Garcia R, Gallardo E, de Andrés I et al (2003) Chronic neuropathy with IgM anti-ganglioside antibodies: lack of long term response to rituximab. Neurology 61:1814–1816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Broglio L, Lauria G (2005) Worsening after rituximab treatment in anti-MAG neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 32:378–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Comi G, Roveri L, Swan A et al (2002) A randomised controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in IgM paraprotein associated demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol 249:1370–1377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mariette X, Chastang C, Clavelou P et al (1997) A randomised clinical trial comparing interferon-alpha and intravenous immunoglobulin in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM. The IgM-associated Polyneuropathy Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:28–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Josep Dalmau .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosenfeld, M.R., Dalmau, J. (2012). Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders in Leukemia and Lymphoma. In: Batchelor, T., DeAngelis, L. (eds) Lymphoma and Leukemia of the Nervous System. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7668-0_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics