Abstract
Science interacts with society, principally through technology. We saw an example of this in the previous case of the discovery of nuclear fission and the building of the atomic bomb. The process in which scientific knowledge is transformed into technical knowledge and in which technical knowledge is designed into products and services has been called innovation. The societal infrastructure which institutionalizes this innovation process has been called a “national innovation system.”
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Notes
- 1.
More recent histories of DNA include (Morange 1998).
- 2.
There are many histories of the Internet, such as Hafner (1998), Sherman (2003), Banks (2008); and some of the history of the early Internet can be found on sites, such as (http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0500/internet/internet.htm) or (http://www.livinginternet.com).
References
Banks, M. 2008. On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders. Berkeley: Apress.
Business Week. 1984. Boitech Comes of Age, January 23, pp. 84–94.
Hafner, K. 1998. Where Wizards Say Up Late: The Origins of the Internet.
OECD. 2006. National Innovations Systems: Switzerland. Organization for Economic Development Co-operation and Development.
Olby, R. 1974. The Path to the Double Helix. London: Macmillan; Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Ray, G. F. 1980. Innovation and the Long Cycle. In B. A. Vedin (ed.), Current Innovation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Sherman, J. 2003. The History of the Internet.
Thayer, A. M. 1996. Market, Investor Attitudes Challenge Developers of Biopharmaceuticals. Chemical & Engineering News, August 1, pp. 13–21.
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Betz, F. (2011). Science and Society. In: Managing Science. Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7488-4_6
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