Abstract
Spray drying is a widely used unit operation. However, there is not enough information regarding the design of spray dryer equipment. The aim of this research was the identification of spray drying zones using the concept of heat transfer units and to link this approach with results from CFD simulation in steady and nonsteady-state conditions. Experiments were carried out in a two-fluid nozzle laboratory co-current spray dryer. Three zones inside the chamber were found: first and second drying stage zones and a particle expansion stage. The earlier findings showed the highest transfer coefficients, which may suggest the presence of a highly turbulent flow. CFD analysis was performed to assess air and air-particle hydrodynamics, including nonlinear analysis and the effect of particles on the effective drying zones. Good agreement between assessed turbulence and transfer units was found. Drying zones had a high degree of air-particle recirculation, which could be characterized through nonlinear dynamics by evaluating Lyapunov coefficients and by the presence of attractors (related to fractal dimension of texture of reflected laser beam cropped images). While the transfer units approach is useful for construction of lumped models, CFD and experiments based on air-particle nonlinear trajectories give insight on understanding the turbulence that takes place inside the dryer. Both approaches may be useful and could complement each other for design purposes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adhikari B, Howes T, Bhandari B, Truong V (2000) Experimental studies and kinetics of single drop drying and their relevance in drying of sugar-rich foods: a review. Int J Food Prop 3(3):323–351
Aguilera J, Stanley D (1999) Simultaneous heat and mass transfer: Dehydration. In: Microstructural principles of food processing and engineering, 2nd edn. Aspen Publishers, New York, pp 373–411
Alamilla-Beltrán L, Hernández-Parada A, Chanona-Pérez J, Jiménez-Aparicio A, Suárez-Fernández O, Santiago-Pineda T, Gutierrez-Lopez G (2001) Design and performance of a spray dryer for food processing. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Engineering and Food. ICEF 8, Technomic Pub. Co, USA, pp 1151–1155
Alamilla-Beltrán L, Chanona-Pérez J, Jiménez-Aparicio A, Gutiérrez-López G (2005) Description of morphological changes of particles along spray drying. J Food Eng 67(1–2):179–184
Allen R, Bakker H (1994) Spray dryer control-based on line particle size analysis. Trans IChemE Part A: Chem Eng Res Design 72:251–254
AOAC (1995) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 16th edn. AOAC International, USA, pp 31–32
Chawla J (1994) Effect of the droplet agglomeration on the design of spray dryer towers. Drying Technol 12(6):1357–1365
Chen X, Patel K (2008) Manufacturing better quality food powders from spray drying and subsequent treatments. Dry Technol 26(11):1313–1318
Chen W-S, Yuan S-Y, Hsieh C-M (2003) Two algorithms to estimate fractal dimension of gray-level images. Opt Eng 42(8):2452–2464
Dolinsky A (2001) High-temperature spray drying. Dry Technol 19(5):785–806
Ferrari G, Meerdink G, Walstra P (1989) Drying kinetics for a single droplet of skim milk. J Food Eng 10:215–230
Filoková I, Mujumdar A (1995) Industrial spray drying systems. In: Mujumdar A (ed) Handbook of spray drying. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 263–307
Fletcher D, Guo B, Harvie D, Langrish T, Nijdam J, Williams J (2006) What is important in the simulation of spray dryer performance and how do current CFD models perform? Appl Math Model 30(11):1281–1292
Foust A, Wenzel L, Clump C (1993) Principles of unit operations. CECSA, México
Friedman S, Marshall W Jr (1949) Studies in rotary drying. Part II – heat and mass transfer. Chem Eng Prog 45(9):573–588
Furuta T, Hayashi H, Ohashis T (1994) Some criteria of spray drying design for food liquid. Dry Technol 12(1–2):151–177
Goula A, Adamopoulos K (2004) Influence of spray drying conditions on residue accumulation: Simulation using CFD. Dry Technol 22(5):1107–1128
Goula A, Adamopoulos K (2008) Effect of maltodextrin addition during spray drying of tomato pulp in dehumidified air: I. Drying kinetics and product recovery. Dry Technol 26(6):714–725
Gutiérrez G, Ordorica C, Osorio G, Hernández A, Patiño R, Jiménez A, Santiago T (1997) ASCON-programa para el establecimiento de las condiciones de operación en secadores por aspersión de disco rotatorio. In: Mulet A, Ordorica C, Benedito J (eds) Herramientas de cálculo en ingeniería de alimentos III. Univ. Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, España-México, pp 93–103
Gutiérrez G, Osorio G, Jiménez A, Pyle L (1998) An assessment of droplet-air contact and spray drying performance in bioprocess engineering. In: Galindo E, Ramírez O (eds) Advances in bioprocess engineering II. Kluwer, The Netherlands, pp 251–275
Hecht J, King C (2000) Spray drying: influence of developing drop morphology on drying rates and retention of volatile substances. 1. Single-drop experiments. Indus Eng Chem Res 39:1756–1765
Huang L, Passos M, Kumar K, Mujumdar A (2005) A three-dimensional simulation of a spray dryer fitted with a rotary atomizer. Dry Technol 23(9–11):1859–1873
Langrish T, Williams J, Fletcher D (2004) Simulation of the effects of inlet swirl on gas flow patterns in a pilot-scale spray dryer. Chem Eng Res Des 82(7):821–833
McCormick P (1962) Gas velocity effects on heat transfer in direct heat rotary dryers. Chem Eng Prog 58(6):57–61
Mujumdar A, Devahastin S (2000) Mujumdar’s practical guide to industrial drying. Exergex Corporation, Canada
Oakley D (1994) Scale-up of spray dryers with the aid of computational fluid dynamics. Dry Technol 12(1–2):217–233
Seydel P, Blömer J, Bertling J (2006) Modeling particle formation at spray drying using population balances. Dry Technol 24(2):137–146
Southwell D, Langrish T (2000) Observations of flow patterns in a spray dryer. Dry Technol 18(3):661–685
Treybal R (1996) Mass transfer operations. McGraw-Hill, México
Van den Bleek C, Coppens M-O, Schouten J (2002) Application of chaos analysis to multiphase reactors. Chem Eng Sci 57(22–23):4763–4778
Wolf A, Swift J, Swinney H, Vastano J (1985) Determining Lyapunov exponents from a time series. Physica D 16(3):285–317
Zbicinski I, Li X (2006) Conditions for accurate CFD modeling of spray-drying process. Dry Technol 24(9):1109–1114
Zbicinski I, Delag A, Strumillo C, Adamiec J (2002) Advanced experimental analysis of drying kinetics in spray drying. Chem Eng J 28:207–216
Acknowledgment
Author U.R. Morales-Durán thanks Biotecsa-México for their support. The authors also thank IPN-México and CONACYT-México (project 84287) for their financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Morales-Durán, U.R., Alamilla-Beltrán, L., Hernández-Sánchez, H., Chanona-Pérez, J.J., Jiménez-Aparicio, A.R., Gutiérrez-López, G.F. (2010). Effective Drying Zones and Nonlinear Dynamics in a Laboratory Spray Dryer. In: Aguilera, J., Simpson, R., Welti-Chanes, J., Bermudez-Aguirre, D., Barbosa-Canovas, G. (eds) Food Engineering Interfaces. Food Engineering Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7475-4_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7475-4_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7474-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7475-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)