Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Critical Issues in Neuropsychology ((CINP))

Abstract

Forensic applications of the neuropsychological examination are a relatively recent development. Psychologists rarely served as experts in personal injury cases before clinical neuropsychology matured to its present situation. Most forensic psychology applications were in the areas of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility. Clinical forensic neuropsychology also represents a singular area in which the examination actually assists in establishing the extent of neurological consequences of brain injuries. As the legal profession has learned to use neuropsychologists as effective experts in their litigation of cases, this role has come to significantly influence the atmosphere of private practice. Even if a case is not in active litigation at the time of examination, the neuropsychologist anticipates that litigation, or some sort of formal disability determination, is probably in the near future and designs the assessment accordingly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, C. C., & Ruff, R. M. (1990). Self-rating versus neuropsychological performance of moderate versus severe head-injured patients. Brain Injury, 4(1), 7–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aplin, D. Y., & Kane, J. M. (1985). Variables affecting pure tone and speech audiometry in experimentally simulated hearing loss. British Journal of Audiology, 19(3), 219–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, P.A., Hammeke, T. A., & Schwartz, L. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative performance on Rey’s 15-Item Test in neurological patients and dissimulators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 17–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barona, A., Reynolds, C. R., & Chastain, R. (1984). A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(5), 885–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beetar, J. T., & Williams, J. M. (1995). Malingering response styles on the Memory Assessment Scales and symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10(1), 57–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A., & Spreen, O. (1961). Visual memory test: The simulation of mental incompetence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 79–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, L. C. (1990). Prospects for faking believable memory deficits on neuropsychological tests and the use of incentives in simulation research. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12(5), 715–728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, L. C. (1991). The detection of faked deficits on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: The effect of serial position. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6(1–2), 81–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, L. C., Houston, W., & Natoli, L. (1993). Malingering on neuropsychological memory tests: Potential objective indicators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(1), 45–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, L. C., McGrath, M. J., & Houston, W. (1993). Discriminating between simulated malingering and closed head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Archives of Clinical Neuro-psychology, 8(6), 539–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigler, E. D. (1990). Neuropsychology and malingering: Comment on Faust, Hart, and Guilmette (1988). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(2), 244–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, L. M. (1992). Forced-choice testing provides evidence of malingering. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(4), 377–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, L. M. (1993). Assessment of malingering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test [published erratum appears in J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1993 Nov; 15(6):852]. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15(2), 170–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder, L. M., & Pankratz, L. (1987). Neuropsychological evidence of a factitious memory complaint. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9(2), 167–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blakely, T. J., & Harrington, D. E. (1993). Mild head injury is not always mild; implications for damage litigation. Medicine, Science and the Law, 33(3), 231–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, J. P. (1966) Hysteria versus malingering: A response to Grosz and Zimmerman. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4(4), 321–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J., Rubinsky, E., & Lassen, G. (1985). Uncovering malingered amnesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444(502), 502–503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braverman, M. (1978). Post-injury malingering is seldom a calculated ploy. Occupational Health and Safety, 47(2), 36–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brittain, J. L., LaMarche, J. A., Reeder, K. P., Roth, D. L., & Boll, T. J. (1991). Effects of age and IQ on Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 163–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, M. J. (1992). Symptom-validity testing of feigned sensory or memory deficits: A further elaboration for subjects who understand the rationale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31 (Pt. 2), 207–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1957). The factorial structure of the WAIS between early adulthood and old age. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 283–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullum, C., Heaton, R., & Grant, I. (1991). Psychogenic factors influencing neuropsychological performance: Somatoform disorders, factitious disorders and malingering. In H. O. Doerr & A. S. Carlin (Eds.), Forensic neuropsychology. (pp. 36–72 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, A. E., & Resnick, P. J. (1987). Mutism, malingering, and competency to stand trial. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 15(3), 301–308.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delis, D. (1987). The California Verbal Learning Test. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dush, D. M., Simons, L. E., Platt, M., Nation, P. C., & Ayres, S. Y. (1994). Psychological profiles distinguishing litigating and nonlitigating pain patients: Subtle, and not so subtle. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62(2), 299–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faust, D. (1995a). The detection of deception. Special Issue: Malingering and conversion reactions. Neurologic Clinics, 13(2), 255–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faust, D. (1995b). The detection of deception [Review]. Neurologic Clinics, 13(2), 255–265.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faust, D., & Guilmette, T. J. (1990). To say it’s not so doesn’t prove that it isn’t: Research on the detection of malingering. Reply to Bigler. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(2), 248–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franzen, M. D., Iverson, G. L., & McCracken, L. M. (1990). The detection of malingering in neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychology Review, 1(3), 247–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, R. I., & Foster, H. G. (1991). Multiple measures of malingering on a forced-choice test of cognitive ability. Psychological Assessment, 3(4), 596–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, R. I., Sarfaty, S. D., Johnston, J. D., & Powel, J. (1994). Validation of a detector of response bias on a forced-choice test of nonverbal ability. Neuropsychology, 8(1), 118–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson, A. D., Torem, M., Cohen, R., & Newman, 1. (1992). Susceptibility of common self-report measures of dissociation to malingering. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 5(4), 216–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goebel, R. A. (1983). Detection of faking on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 731–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, S., Lubinsky, R., & Shahar, A. (1981). Speech discrimination scores at low sensation levels as a possible index of malingering. Journal of Auditory Research, 21(2), 137–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, W. F. (1982). Defining malingering [Review]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 27(2), 401–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouvier, W. D., Uddo-Crane, M., & Brown, L. (1988). Base rates of post-concussion symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 273–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilmette, T. J., Hart, K. J., & Giuliano, A. J. (1993). Malingering detection: The use of a forced-choice method in identifying organic versus simulated memory impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7(1), 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D. A. (1979). Detecting non-valid hearing tests in industry. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 21(12), 814–820.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, R. K., Smith, H. H., Lehman, R. A., & Vogt, A. T. (1978). Prospects for faking believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(5), 892–900.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiscock, C. K., Branham, J. D., & Hiscock, M. (1994). Detection of feigned cognitive impairment: The two-alternative forced-choice method compared with selected conventional tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16(2), 95–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, K. D., Smith, S. A., Barghout, N. K., & Connolly, D. A. (1992). The use of indirect memory tests to assess malingered amnesia: A study of metamemory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(3), 326–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. E., & Dorfman, L. J. (1986). Evoked potentials in hysteria and malingering. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 3(1), 39–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iverson, G. L. (1995). Qualitative aspects of malingered memory deficits. Brain Injury, 9(I), 35–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iverson, G. L., & Franzen, M. D. (1994). The Recognition Memory Test, Digit Span, and Knox Cube Test as markers of malingered memory impairment. Assessment, I(4), 323–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iverson, G. L., Franzen, M. D., & McCracken, L. M. (1991). Evaluation of an objective assessment technique for the detection of malingered memory deficits. Law and Human Behavior, 15(6), 667–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iverson, G. L., Franzen, M. D., & McCracken, L. M. (1994). Application of a forced-choice memory procedure designed to detect experimental malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(5), 437–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, J. L., May, W. N., Johnson, C. A., & Post, R. B. (1985). The California syndrome. Functional visual complaints with potential economic impact. Ophthalmology, 92(3), 427–435.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, G. J. (1992). On modifying recognition memory tests for detection of malingering. Neuropsychology, 6(1), 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, G. P., Loring, D. W., & Martin, R. C. (1992). Rey’s 15-Item Visual Memory Test for the detection of malingering: Normative observations on patients with neurological disorders. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 43–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. C., Bolter, J. F., Todd, M. E., & Gouvier, W. D. (1993). Effects of sophistication and motivation on the detection of malingered memory performance using a computerized forced-choice task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15(6), 867–880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milanovich, J. R., Axelrod, B. N., & Millis, S. R. (1996). Validation of the Simulation Index-Revised with a mixed clinical population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(1), 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millis, S. R. (1994). Assessment of motivation and memory with the Recognition Memory Test after financially compensable mild head injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(4), 601–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millis, S. R., & Kler, S. (1995). Limitations of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test in the detection of malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(3), 241–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millis, S. R., & Putnam, $. J. (1994). The Recognition Memory Test in the assessment of memory impairment after financially compensable mild head injury: A replication. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(1, Pt. 2), 384–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millis, S. R., Putnam, S. H., Adams, K. M., & Ricker, J. H. (1995). The California Verbal Learning Test in the detection of incomplete effort in neuropsychological evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 7(4), 241–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittenberg, W., Azrin, R., Millsaps, C., & Heilbronner, R. (1993). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. Psychological Assessment, 5(1), 34–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, B., & Rosenthal, R. (1985). Basic meta-analysis: Procedures and programs. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musiek, F. E., Bornstein, S. P., & Rintelmann, W. F. (1995). Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and pseudohypacusis. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 6(4), 293–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nies, K. J., & Sweet, J. J. (1994). Neuropsychological assessment and malingering: A critical review of past and present strategies. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(6), 501–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, R. G. (1995). The psychological signatures of malingering: Assessing the legitimacy of claims. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 13(1), 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, B. W., Boone, K. B., Allman, L., & Castro, D. B. (1995). Co-occurrence of brain lesions and cognitive deficit exaggeration. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pankratz, L. (1983). A new technique for the assessment and modification of feigned memory deficit. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(2), 367–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pankratz, L., Fausti, S. A., & Peed, S. (1975) A forced-choice technique to evaluate deafness in the hysterical or malingering patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 421–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkin, G. D. (1994). Conversion hysteria/malingering. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57(8), 1004–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawling, P., & Brooks, N. (1990). Simulation Index: A method for detecting factitious errors on the WAIS-R and WMS. Neuropsychology, 4, 223–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, P. J. (1993). Defrocking the fraud: The detection of malingering. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 30(2), 93–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickards, F. W., & De, V. S. (1995). Exaggerated hearing loss in noise induced hearing loss compensation claims in Victoria. Medical Journal of Australia, 163(7), 360–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, F. E., Hall, S., Szalda, P., & Allen, D. (1995). Portland Digit Recognition Test-computerized: Measuring response latency improves the detection of malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(2), 124–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, A. W. (1977). A review of malingering and hysteria in clinical practice [Review]. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 59(6), 511–513.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D. L. (1986). On the relation between genuine and simulated amnesia. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 4(1) 4–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D., & Crovitz, H. (1977). Memory function after closed head injury: A review of the quantitative research. Cortex, 13, 105–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schretlen, D., Brandt, J.,Krafft, L., & Van Gorp, W. (1991). Some caveats in using the Rey 15-Item Memory Test to detect malingered amnesia. Psychological Assessmént, 3(4), 667–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M. J. (1994). The use of the Rey Memory Test to assess malingering in criminal defendants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(6), 913–917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slick, D., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., Hunter, M., & Pinch. D. (1994). Detecting dissimulation: Profiles of simulated malingerers, traumatic brain-injury patients, and normal controls on a revised version of Hiscock and Hiscock’s Forced-Choice Memory Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16(3), 472–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, W. G., Tierney, M. C., Zorzitto, M. L., Fisher, R. H., & Reid, D. W. (1990). The place of cooperation in the examination of neuropsychological impairment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 243–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spreen, O., & Benton, A. (1963). Simulation of mental deficiency on a visual memory test. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 67, 909–913.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, H. (1986). Is it organic or is it functional: Is it hysteria or malingering? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(2), 241–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, E., Spellacy, F., Hunter, M., & Berry, T. (1994). Assessing believable deficits on measures of attention and information processing capacity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(6), 483–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sulkowski, W., Sliwinska, K. M., Kowalska, S., & Bazydlo, G. G. (1994). Electric response audiometry and compensational noise-induced hearing loss. Otolaryngologia Polska, 48(4), 370–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trueblood, W., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Malingering and other validity considerations in the neuropsychological evaluation of mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15(4), 578–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vander, K., & Charles, J. (1993). Client self-report: Assessment of accuracy. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 24(30), 22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1981). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1987). The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedding, D., & Faust, D. (1989). Clinical judgement and decision-making in neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 233–265.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, E. C., & Brandt, J. (1988). The detection of simulated amnesia. Law and Human Behavior, 12(1), 57–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M. (1992). The Memory Assessment Scales. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M., Gomes, E, Drudge, O., & Kessler, M. (1984). Predicting outcome from closed head injury by early assessment of trauma severity. Journal of Neurosurgery, 61, 581–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, J. L., Regennitter, R. P., & Barrios, E. (1994). Base rate and simulated symptoms of mild head injury among normals. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(5), 370–383.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Williams, J.M. (1998). The Malingering of Memory Disorder. In: Reynolds, C.R. (eds) Detection of Malingering during Head Injury Litigation. Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7469-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7469-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7468-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7469-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics