Abstract
The New York City Watershed Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed in January 1997 was an extraordinary accomplishment. Some have called this unprecedented agreement “the legal equivalent of a Hoover Dam.” The MOA represents a special kind of accomplishment in community development – the creation of a “watershed community of interest.” This community is described in the MOA as “shar[ing] the common goal of protecting and enhancing the environmental integrity of the Watershed and the social and economic vitality of the Watershed communities.” The MOA was signed by approximately 40 upstate towns and villages, environmental groups, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), New York State, and New York City (NYC). The agreement serves as a blueprint for NYC’s watershed management strategy for water sources west of the Hudson River. It cost approximately one billion dollars over 10 years. Figure 9.1 displays a map of the watershed and highlights some of its prominent features.
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References
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This analysis is limited to the portion of the watershed found west of the Hudson River. NYC harvests 90% of its water supply in this area by means of a set of constructed reservoirs and controlled lakes. NRC (National Research Council). 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
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In more academic terms, we refer here to a shift from exclusionary social relations, or bonding social capital, to reciprocal ones, or bridging social capital. Social capital is a conceptual cornerstone in understanding the organizational foundations for watershed management. We use “social capital” to refer to the value or utility of social relationships in achieving a desired outcome. This definition is consistent with the foundational literature that treats social capital as a means of gaining access to economic resources (Portes 1998; Bourdieu 1986), but opens the possibility that social capital can be used to pursue ends not purely economic in nature. By community social capital, we mean social relations between communities. While individuals are involved in these relations, we are interested in their interactions as agents representing communities. Following Meyer and Jesperson (2000:101), we conceive of “agency” as “legitimated representation of some legitimate principle, which may be an individual [or] an organization, a nation state, or abstract principles (like those of science …).” (Portes, Alejandro. 1998. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:1–12; Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” Pp. 241–258 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. D. Richardson, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; Meyer, John W. and Ronald L. Jepperson. 2000. “The ‘Actors’ of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency.” Sociological Theory 18(1):100–120).
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Pfeffer, M.J., Wagenet, L.P. (2011). Communities of Interest and the Negotiation of Watershed Management. In: Wright Morton, L., Brown, S. (eds) Pathways for Getting to Better Water Quality: The Citizen Effect. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7282-8_9
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