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The Genetics of Brassica napus

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Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae

Part of the book series: Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models ((PGG,volume 9))

Abstract

Brassica napus L. belongs to the Brassicaceae family of the Kingdom Plantae and is considered to be a newly formed species (5,000–10,000 mya) probably originating from independent and spontaneous inter-specific hybridizations between genotypes of turnip rape (Brassica rapa; AA, 2n = 20) and cabbage/Kale (Brassica oleracea; CC, 2n = 18). Genetically, B. napus is an allopolyploid (AACC, 2n = 38) exhibiting disomic inheritance. Within the species, two botanical varieties have been defined: B. napus L. var rapifera (DC) Metzger (2n = 4×= 38) and B. napus L. var oleifera Delile (2n = 4×= 38). The latter has taken much of the attention and has become the second most cultivated oilseed crop (rapeseed) worldwide, after soybean. The appearance of annual and biannual rapeseed lines with low erucic acid (<2% in the oil) and low glucosinolates (<30 mg/g in the meals) has granted rapeseed CanOLA (Canadian Oil Low Acid) status as an excellent source for edible vegetable oil. The lipid profile of CanOLA oil is extremely well balanced (low in saturated fats, high in monosaturated fats, and rich in omega-3 fatty acids) making it the oil of preference by nutritionists worldwide. In this context, the commercial interest for rapeseed CanOLA has launched an impressive amount of genetics and genomics research which has made possible to make genetic gains in agronomical and quality traits through modern plant breeding. In fact, rapeseed ranks among the top crops for which molecular tools have been developed. To date, over 30 molecular linkage maps have been published using a range of different molecular marker types, population structures, and parental lines exhibiting different flowering time behaviors. These maps have proved extremely useful in order to dissect the genetic nature of the traits underlying the genetic variation found in rapeseed. This chapter will focus on the genetics and genomics aspects of rapeseed breeding describing the current knowledge on the origin of B. napus, genetics/genomic tools for the species, and specific target traits affecting B. napus oil production and quality.

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Abbreviations

AFLP:

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms

ANF:

Antinutritional factors

CanOlA:

Canadian oil low acid

CO:

Constans

DH:

Doubled haploid

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

ESTs:

Expressed sequence tags

F1:

First filial generation

F2:

Second filial generation

FA:

Fatty acid

FAD:

Fatty acid desaturase

FAE:

Fatty acid elongase

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

FLC:

Flowering locus C

FRI:

Frigida

GCA:

General combining ability

GISH:

Genomic in situ hybridization

Gly3P:

Glycerol-3-phosphate

HEAR:

High erucic acid rapeseed

HNRTs:

Homoeologous non-reciprocal translocations

HO:

High oleic

HRTs:

Homoeologous reciprocal translocations

HS:

High stearic

LEAR:

Low erucic acid rapeseed

LL:

Low linolenic

MAS:

Marker-assisted selection

MGS:

Microarray-based genomic selection

MMT:

Million metric tons

mRNA:

messenger Ribonucleic Acid

NGS:

Next generation sequencing

NIRS:

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

NRTs:

Non-reciprocal translocations

OP:

Open pollinated

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

QTL:

Quantitative trait loci

RAPD:

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA

RFLP:

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms

RIL:

Recombinant inbred lines

RT:

Reciprocal translocation

SAD:

Stearoyl-acyl desaturase

SCA:

Specific combining ability

SCAR:

Sequenced characterized amplified regions

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

SRAP:

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism

SSR:

Simple sequence repeats

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Agri aquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA) for support on the development of a B. napus breeding program and Fondecyt 1090726 and 1100732 for supporting the research related to carotenoid content enhancement and SNP discovery in B. napus, respectively.

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  1. Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit (UGB), Agri aquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), INIA-Carillanca, Km 10 Camino Cajon-Vilcun, PO Box 58D, Temuco, Chile

    Federico L. Iniguez-Luy & Maria L. Federico

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  1. Federico L. Iniguez-Luy
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  2. Maria L. Federico
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Correspondence to Federico L. Iniguez-Luy .

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  1. Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und, Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany

    Renate Schmidt

  2. John Innes Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom

    Ian Bancroft

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Iniguez-Luy, F.L., Federico, M.L. (2011). The Genetics of Brassica napus . In: Schmidt, R., Bancroft, I. (eds) Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7118-0_10

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