Skip to main content

Star Trek

An Introduction to STAR Family Proteins and Review of Quaking (QKI)

  • Chapter
Post-Transcriptional Regulation by STAR Proteins

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 693))

Abstract

The STAR family has an extremely diverse role during development and in RNA metabolism. We have concentrated on QKI as an example of this pleiotropic activity and also presented some new data on the role of its conserved 3-UTRs gleaned from bioinformatics analysis of theoretical miRNA binding sites. We review the concept of a direct pathway from signal transduction to activation of RNA, how this pathway could be the cell’s quick response to developmental and physiological changes and how it must be tightly regulated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fumagalli S, Totty NF, Hsuan JJ et al. A target for src in mitosis. Nature 1994; 368:871–874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Taylor SJ, Shalloway D. An RNA-binding protein associated with src through its SH2 and SH3 domains in mitosis. Nature 1994; 368:867–871.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Jones AR, Schedl T. Mutations in gld-1, a female germ cell-specific tumor suppressor gene in caenorhabditis elegans, affect a conserved domain also found in src-associated protein sam68. Genes Dev 1995; 9:1491–1504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ebersole TA, Chen Q, Justice MJ et al. The quaking gene product necessary in embryogenesis and myelination combines features of RNA binding and signal transduction proteins. Nat Genet 1996; 12:260–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baehrecke EH. Who encodes a KH RNA binding protein that functions in muscle development. Development 1997; 124:1323–1332.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zaffran S, Astier M, Gratecos D et al. The held out wings (how) drosophila gene encodes a putative RNA-binding protein involved in the control of muscular and cardiac activity. Development 1997; 124:2087–2098.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Arning S, Gruter P, Bilbe G et al. Mammalian splicing factor SF1 is encoded by variant cdnas and binds to RNA. RNA 1996; 2:794–810.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Di Fruscio M, Chen T, Richard S. Characterization of sam68-like mammalian proteins slm-1 and slm-2: Slm-1 is a src substrate during mitosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:2710–2715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Venables JP, Vernet C, Chew SL et al. T-star/etoile: A novel relative of sam68 that interacts with an RNA-binding protein implicated in spermatogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:959–969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ohno G, Hagiwara M, Kuroyanagi H. Star family RNA-binding protein asd-2 regulates developmental switching of mutually exclusive alteRNAtive splicing in vivo. Genes Dev 2008; 22:360–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vega-Sanchez ME, Zeng L, Chen S et al. Spin1, a K homology domain protein negatively regulated and ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SPL11, is involved in flowering time control in rice. Plant Cell 2008; 20:1456–1469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Vernet C, Artzt K. Star, a gene family involved in signal transduction and activation of RNA. Trends Genet 1997; 13:479–484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lukong KE, Richard S. Sam68, the KH domain-containing superstar. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1653:73–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rajan P, Gaughan L, Dalgliesh C et al. Regulation of gene expression by the RNA-binding protein sam68 in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:505–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Richard S, Yu D, Blumer KJ et al. Association of p62, a multifunctional SH2-and SH3-domain-binding protein, with src family tyrosine kinases, grb2 and phospholipase c gamma-1. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:186–197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Najib S, Martin-Romero C, Gonzalez-Yanes C et al. Role of sam68 as an adaptor protein in signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:36–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Matter N, Herrlich P, Konig H. Signal-dependent regulation of splicing via phosphorylation of sam68. Nature 2002; 420:691–695.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cote J, Boisvert FM, Boulanger MC et al. Sam68 RNA binding protein is an in vivo substrate for protein arginine n-methyltransferase 1. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:274–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Babic I, Cherry E, Fujita DJ. SUMO modification of sam68 enhances its ability to repress cyclin d1 expression and inhibits its ability to induce apoptosis. Oncogene 2006; 25:4955–4964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Siomi H, Dreyfuss G. RNA-binding proteins as regulators of gene expression. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1997; 7:345–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang Y, Lu Z, Ku L et al. Tyrosine phosphorylation of QKI mediates developmental signals to regulate mRNA metabolism. EMBO J 2003; 22:1801–1810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lu Z, Ku L, Chen Y et al. Developmental abnormalities of myelin basic protein expression in fyn knock-out brain reveal a role of fyn in post-transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:389–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu Z, Luyten I, Bottomley MJ et al. Structural basis for recognition of the intron branch site RNA by splicing factor 1. Science 2001; 294:1098–1102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Maguire ML, Guler-Gane G, Nietlispach D et al. Solution structure and backbone dynamics of the KH-QUA2 region of the xenopus star/gsg quaking protein. J Mol Biol 2005; 348:265–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen T, Richard S. Structure-function analysis of qk1: A lethal point mutation in mouse quaking prevents homodimerization. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:4863–4871.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu J, Zhou L, Tonissen K et al. The quaking I-5 protein (QKI-5) has a novel nuclear localization signal and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:29202–29210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nabel-Rosen H, Dorevitch N, Reuveny A et al. The balance between two isoforms of the drosophila RNA-binding protein how controls tendon cell differentiation. Mol Cell 1999; 4:573–584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hardy RJ, Loushin CL, Friedrich VL Jr et al. Neural cell type-specific expression of QKI proteins is altered in quakingviable mutant mice. J Neurosci 1996; 16:7941–7949.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kondo T, Furuta T, Mitsunaga K et al. Genomic organization and expression analysis of the mouse qkI locus. Mamm Genome 1999; 10:662–669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cox RD, Hugill A, Shedlovsky A et al. Contrasting effects of ENU induced embryonic lethal mutations of the quaking gene. Genomics 1999; 57:333–341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Justice MJ, Bode VC. Three enu-induced alleles of the murine quaking locus are recessive embryonic lethal mutations. Genet Res 1988; 51:95–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Li Z, Takakura N, Oike Y et al. Defective smooth muscle development in qkI-deficient mice. Dev Growth Differ 2003; 45:449–462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lu Z, Zhang Y, Ku L et al. The quakingviable mutation affects qkI mRNA expression specifically in myelin-producing cells of the nervous system. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:4616–4624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lorenzetti D, Antalffy B, Vogel H et al. The neurological mutant quaking(viable) is parkin deficient. Mamm Genome 2004; 15:210–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Noveroske JK, Lai L, Gaussin V et al. Quaking is essential for blood vessel development. Genesis 2002; 32:218–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bohnsack BL, Lai L, Northrop JL et al. Visceral endoderm function is regulated by quaking and required for vascular development. Genesis 2006; 44:93–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sidman RL, Dickie MM, Appel SH. Mutant mice (quaking and jimpy) with deficient myelination in the central nervous system. Science 1964; 144:309–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Noveroske JK, Hardy R, Dapper JD et al. A new ENU-induced allele of mouse quaking causes severe CNS dysmyelination. Mamm Genome 2005; 16:672–682.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Paronetto MP, Messina V, Bianchi E et al. Sam68 regulates translation of target mRNAs in male germ cells, necessary for mouse spermatogenesis. J Cell Biol 2009; 185:235–249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lukong KE, Richard S. Motor coordination defects in mice deficient for the sam68 RNA-binding protein. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:357–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Richard S, Torabi N, Franco GV et al. Ablation of the sam68 RNA binding protein protects mice from age-related bone loss. PLoS Genet 2005; 1:e74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Richard S, Vogel G, Huot ME et al. Sam68 haploinsufficiency delays onset of mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Oncogene 2008; 27:548–556.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Shitashige M, Naishiro Y, Idogawa M et al. Involvement of splicing factor-1 in beta-catenin/t-cell factor-4-mediated gene transactivation and pre-mRNA splicing. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1039–1054.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shitashige M, Satow R, Honda K et al. Increased susceptibility of sf1(+/-) mice to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1862–1867.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Galarneau A, Richard S. Target RNA motif and target mRNAs of the quaking STAR protein. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2005; 12:691–698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Galarneau A, Richard S. The STAR RNA binding proteins GLD-1, QKI, SAM68 and SLM-2 bind bipartite RNA motifs. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wu JI, Reed RB, Grabowski PJ et al. Function of quaking in myelination: Regulation of alternative splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:4233–4238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Edenfeld G, Volohonsky G, Krukkert K et al. The splicing factor crooked neck associates with the RNA-binding protein HOW to control glial cell maturation in drosophila. Neuron 2006; 52:969–980.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhang Y, Feng Y. Distinct molecular mechanisms lead to diminished myelin basic protein and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase in qk(v) dysmyelination. J Neurochem 2001; 77:165–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Li Z, Zhang Y, Li D et al. Destabilization and mislocalization of myelin basic protein mRNAs in quaking dysmyelination lacking the QKI RNA-binding proteins. J Neurosci 2000; 20:4944–4953.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Larocque D, Pilotte J, Chen T et al. Nuclear retention of MBP mRNAs in the quaking viable mice. Neuron 2002; 36:815–829.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Larocque D, Galarneau A, Liu HN et al. Protection of p27(kip1) mRNA by quaking RNA binding proteins promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:27–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Larocque D, Fragoso G, Huang J et al. The QKI-6 and QKI-7 RNA binding proteins block proliferation and promote schwann cell myelination. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhao L, Ku L, Chen Y et al. Qki binds map1b mRNA and enhances MAP1b expression during oligodendrocyte development. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:4179–4186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jan E, Motzny CK, Graves LE et al. The STAR protein, GLD-1, is a translational regulator of sexual identity in caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 1999; 18:258–269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lakiza O, Frater L, Yoo Y et al. Star proteins quaking-6 and gld-1 regulate translation of the homologues gli1 and tra-1 through a conserved RNA 3′UTR-based mechanism. Dev Biol 2005; 287:98–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Saccomanno L, Loushin C, Jan E et al. The star protein QKI-6 is a translational repressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:12605–12610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Marin VA, Evans TC. Translational repression of a c. Elegans notch mRNA by the STAR/KH domain protein GLD-1. Development 2003; 130:2623–2632.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mootz D, Ho DM, Hunter CP. The STAR/maxi-KH domain protein GLD-1 mediates a developmental switch in the translational control of c. Elegans pal-1. Development 2004; 131:3263–3272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Schumacher B, Hanazawa M, Lee MH et al. Translational repression of c. Elegans p53 by gld-1 regulates DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Cell 2005; 120:357–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hardy RJ. QKI expression is regulated during neuron-glial cell fate decisions. J Neurosci Res 1998; 54:46–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lein ES, Hawrylycz MJ, Ao N et al. Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain. Nature 2007; 445:168–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C et al. A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of purkinje cell degeneration. Cell 2006; 125:801–814.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lee Y, Samaco RC, Gatchel JR et al. MiR-19, miR-101 and miR-130 co-regulate ATXN1 levels to potentially modulate SCA1 pathogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2008; 11:1137–1139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Franklin RJ, Ffrench-Constant C. Remyelination in the CNS: From biology to therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:839–855.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bockbrader K, Feng Y. Essential function, sophisticated regulation and pathological impact of the selective RNA-binding protein QKI in CNS myelin development. Future Neurology 2008; 3:655–668.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wu HY, Dawson MR, Reynolds R et al. Expression of QKI proteins and map1b identifies actively myelinating oligodendrocytes in adult rat brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:292–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Keller A, Leidinger P, Lange J et al. Multiple Sclerosis: MicroRNA Expression Profiles Accurately Differentiate Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Disease from Healthy Controls. PLoS One. 2009; 4(10):e7440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. McInnes LA, Lauriat TL. RNA metabolism and dysmyelination in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30:551–561.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Aberg K, Saetre P, Jareborg N et al. Human QKI, a potential regulator of mRNA expression of human oligodendrocyte-related genes involved in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:7482–7487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Aberg K, Saetre P, Lindholm E et al. Human QKI, a new candidate gene for schizophrenia involved in myelination. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:84–90.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Backx L, Fryns J-P, Marcelis C et al. Haploinsufficiency of the gene Quaking (QKI) is associated with the 6q terminal deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part A 2010; 152A:319–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Zorn AM, Grow M, Patterson KD et al. Remarkable sequence conservation of transcripts encoding amphibian and mammalian homologues of quaking, a kh domain RNA-binding protein. Gene 1997; 188:199–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Betel D, Wilson M, Gabow A et al. The microRNA.Org resource: Targets and expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:D149–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Consortium TGO. Gene ontology: Tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 2000; 25:25–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Barlat I, Maurier F, Duchesne M et al. A role for sam68 in cell cycle progression antagonized by a spliced variant within the kh domain. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:3129–3132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Christensen M, Schratt GM. MicroRNA involvement in developmental and functional aspects of the nervous system and in neurological diseases. Neurosci Lett 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fiore R, Khudayberdiev S, Christensen M et al. Mef2-mediated transcription of the mir379-410 cluster regulates activity-dependent dendritogenesis by fine-tuning pumilio2 protein levels. EMBO J 2009; 28:697–710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Urbich C, Kuehbacher A, Dimmeler S. Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:581–588.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lu LF, Liston A. MicroRNA in the immune system, microRNA as an immune system. Immunology 2009; 127:291–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tsitsiou E, Lindsay MA. MicroRNAs and the immune response. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:514–520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ruan J, Li H, Chen Z et al. Treefam: 2008 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:D735–740.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiang I. Wu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Artzt, K., Wu, J.I. (2010). Star Trek. In: Volk, T., Artzt, K. (eds) Post-Transcriptional Regulation by STAR Proteins. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 693. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7005-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics