Abstract
A decade ago, one eighth of the population of the United States was over the age of 65, and this small portion suffered one half of all cancers diagnosed [1]. It is projected by the U.S. Census Bureau that by the year 2030, more than 20% of the U.S. population will be over the age of 65. This demographic change alone will increase the number of cancers in America by approximately 30% [2, 3], making no other single factor as important as age for cancer incidence.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Killen DA (1988) Cardiac surgery in the elderly. In: Adkins RB Jr, Scott HW Jr (eds) Surgical care for the elderly. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 203–220
Koruda MJ, Sheldon GF (1992) Surgery in the aged. Curr Surg 293–331
Greenfield LJ (1975) Surgery of the aged. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia
Brooks B (1937) Surgery in patients of advanced age. Ann Surg 105:481–501
Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Fortner JG, Brennan MF (1995) Pancreatic or liver resection for malignancy is safe and effective for the elderly. Ann Surg 222(4):426–434
Menon KV, Al-Mukhtar A, Aldouri A, Prasad RK, Lodge PA, Toogood GJ (2006) Outcomes after major hepatectomy in elderly patients. J Am Coll Surg 203(5):677–683
Kemeny MM (2004) Surgery in older patients. Semin Oncol 31(2):175–184
Turrentine FE, Wang H, Simpson VB, Jones RS (2006) Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients. J Am Coll Surg 203(6):865–877
Finlayson E, Fan Z, Birkmeyer JD (2007) Outcomes in octogenarians undergoing high-risk cancer operation: a national study. J Am Coll Surg 205(6):729–734
Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA (1996) Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 46(1):5–27
Fortner JG, Silva JS, Cox EB, Golbey RB, Gallowitz H, Maclean BJ (1984) Multivariate-analysis of a personal series of 247 patients with liver metastases from colorectal-cancer. 2. Treatment by intrahepatic chemotherapy. Ann Surg 199(3):317–324
Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Taswell HF, Helgeson SL, Ilstrup DM, Van Heerden JA et al (1992) Perioperative blood transfusion and determinants of survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 216:492–505
Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR, Selby R, Todo S, Irish W et al (1994) Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of clinical and pathologic risk factors. Surgery 116:703–711
de Liguori CN, van Leeuwen BL, Ghaneh P, Wu A, Audisio RA, Poston GJ (2008) Liver resection for colorectal liver metastases in older patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 67(3):273–278
Ezaki T, Yukaya H, Ogawa Y (1987) Evaluation of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly. Br J Surg 74:471–473
Yanaga K, Kanematsu T, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, Yoshida Y, Sugimachi K (1988) Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients. Am J Surg 155:238–241
Fortner JG, Lincer RM (1990) Hepatic resection in the elderly. Ann Surg 211:141–145
Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Cohen A, Fortner J, Brennan MF (1994) Repeat hepatic resections for metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 220(5):657–662
Virani S, Michaelson JS, Hutter MM, Lancaster RT, Warshaw AL, Henderson WG et al (2007) Morbidity and mortality after liver resection: results of the patient safety in surgery study. J Am Coll Surg 204(6):1284–1292
Nagasue N, Chang YC, Takemoto Y, Taniura H, Kohno H, Nakamura T (1993) Liver resection in the aged (seventy years or older) with hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 113:148–154
Takenaka K, Shimada M, Higashi H, Adachi E, Nishizaki T, Yanaga K et al (1994) Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly. Arch Surg 131:71–76
Schwartz SI (1981) Biliary tract surgery and cirrhosis: a critical combination. Surgery 90:577–583
Mentha G, Huber O, Robert J, Klopfenstein C, Egeli R, Rohner A (1992) Elective hepatic resection in the elderly. Br J Surg 79:557–559
Karl RC, Smith SK, Fabri PJ (1995) Validity of major cancer operations in elderly patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2:107–113
Fong Y, Brennan MF, Cohen AM, Heffernan N, Freiman A, Blumgart LH (1997) Liver resection in the elderly. Br J Surg 84(10):1386–1390
Aldrighetti L, Arru M, Catena M, Finazzi R, Ferla G (2006) Liver resections in over-75-year-old patients: surgical hazard or current practice? J Surg Oncol 93(3):186–193
Mann CD, Neal CP, Pattenden CJ, Metcalfe MS, Garcea G, Dennison AR et al (2008) Major resection of hepatic colorectal liver metastases in elderly patients – an aggressive approach is justified. Eur J Surg Oncol 34(4):428–432
Wynne HA, Cope LH, Mutch E, Rawlins MD, Woodhouse KW, James OFW (1989) The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology 9:297–301
Asano K, Nakamura M, Asano A, Sato T, Tauchi H (1992) Quantitation of changes in mitochondrial DNA during aging and regeneration of rat liver using non-radioactive DNA probes. Mech Ageing Dev 62:85–98
Mooney H, Roberts R, Cooksley WGE, Halliday JW, Powell LW (1985) Alterations in the liver with ageing. Clin Gastroenterol 14:757–771
Yamamoto K, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, Shimada M, Itsaka H, Shirabe K et al (1997) Right hepatic lobectomy in elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 44:514–518
Carrillo MC, Carnovale CE, Favre C, Monti JA, Scapini C (1996) Hepatic protein synthesis and serum aminoacid levels during liver regeneration in young and old malnourished rats. Mech Ageing Dev 91:55–64
Schapiro H, Hotta SS, Outten WE, Klein AW (1982) The effect of aging on rat liver regeneration. Experientia 38:1075–1076
Beyer HS, Sherman R, Zieve L (1991) Aging is associated with reduced liver regeneration and diminished thymidine kinase mRNA content and enzyme activity in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 117:101–108
Fry M, Silber J, Loeb LA, Martin GM (1984) Delayed and reduced cell replication and diminishing levels of DNA polymerase-alpha in regenerating liver of aging mice. J Cell Physiol 118:225–232
Taguchi T, Ohashi M (1996) Age-associated changes in the template-reading fidelity of DNA polymerase alpha from regenerating rat liver. Mech Ageing Dev 92:143–157
Piantanelli L, Ermini M, Ricciotti R (1974) Histone phosphorylation after partial hepatectomy in young and old rats. Experientia 30(2):210–211
Oh YH, Conard RA (1972) Effect of aging on histone acetylation of the normal and regenerating rat liver. Life Sci 11(2):1207–1214
Ferrucci JT (1991) Liver tumor imaging. Cancer 67:1189–1195
Larson RE, Semelka RC (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver. Top Magn Reson Imaging 7(2):71–81
Nichols FC, Van Heerden JA, Weiland LA (1989) Benign liver tumors. Surg Clin North Am 69:290–313
Leese T, Farges O, Bismuth H (1988) Liver cell adenomas: a 12 year surgical experience from a specialist hepatobiliary unit. Ann Surg 208:558–564
Schwartz SI, Husser WC (1987) Cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Ann Surg 205:456
Kuo PC, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL (1994) Treatment of giant hemangiomas of the liver by enucleation. J Am Coll Surg 178:49
Trastek VF, Van Heerden JA, Sheedy PFI, Adson MA (1983) Cavernous hemangiomas of the liver: resect or observe? Am J Surg 145:49
Yamagata M, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Utsunomiya T, Ikeda Y, Sugimachi K (1991) Management of hemangioma of the liver: comparison between surgery and observation. Br J Surg 78:1223
Gaspar L, Mascarenhas F, de Costa MS, Dias JS, Afonso JG, Silvestre ME (1993) Radiation therapy in the unresectable cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Radiother Oncol 29:45–50
Biswal BM, Sandhu M, Lal P, Bal CS (1995) Role of radiotherapy in cavernous hemangioma of liver. Indian J Gastroenterol 14:95–98
Yamamoto T, Kawarda Y, Yano T, Noguichi T, Mizumoto R (1991) Spontaneous rupture of hemangioma of the liver: treatment with transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization. Am J Gastroenterol 86:1645–1649
RJSr McKenna, Murphy GP (1994) Cancer surgery. J.B. Lipincott, Philadelphia
Farmer DG, Rosove MH, Shaked A, Busuttil RW (1994) Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 219:236–247
Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, Makuuchi M, Hasegawa H, Okazaki N et al (1990) The diagnosis of small carcinomas: efficacy of various imaging procedures in 100 patients. Am J Radiol 155:49–54
Blumgart LH (1988) Liver resection-liver and biliary tumours. In: Blumgart LH (ed) Surgery of the liver and biliary tract, 1st edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 1251–1280
Parker GA, Lawrence W Jr, Horsley JS III, Neifeld JP, Cook D, Walsh J et al (1989) Intraoperative ultrasound of the liver affects operative decision making. Ann Surg 209:569–577
Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE (1988) Personal experience with 411 hepatic resections. Ann Surg 4:421–434
Fong Y, Blumgart LH (1996) Surgical therapy of liver cancer. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, 3rd edn. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1548–1564
Iwatsuki S, Gordon RD, BWJr S, Starzl TE (1985) Role of liver transplantation in cancer therapy. Ann Surg 202:401–407
Bismuth H, Morino M, Sherlock D, Castaing D, Miglietta C, Cauquil P et al (1992) Primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by arterial chemoembolization. Am J Surg 163:387–394
Raoul JL, Heresbach D, Bretagne JF, Bentue Ferrer D, Duvauferrier R, Bourguet P et al (1992) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer 70:585–589
Brown K, Nevins AB, Getradjman G, Brody LA, Kurtz RC, Fong Y et al (1998) Particle embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 9(5):822–828
Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN (2003) Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 226(2):441–451
Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Lazzaroni S, Marin G, Morabito A, Rapaccini GL et al (1992) Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A study on 207 patients. Cancer 69:925–929
Sitzman JV, Abrams R (1993) Improved survival for hepatocellular cancer with combination surgery and multimodal treatment. Ann Surg 217:149–154
Liang HH, Chen MS, Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Zhang YQ, Li JQ et al (2008) Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 15(12):3484–3493
Hughes KS, Simon R, Songhorabodi S, Adson MA, Ilstrup DM, Fortner JG et al (1986) Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery 100:278–284
Wood CB, Gillis CR, Blumgart LH (1976) A retrospective study of the natural history of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Clin Oncol 2:285–288
Doroshow JH, Multhauf P, Leong L, Margolin K, Litchfield T, Akman S et al (1990) Prospective randomized comparison of fluorouracil versus fluorouracil and high-dose continuous infusion leucovorin calcium for the treatment of advanced measurable colorectal cancer in patients previously unexposed to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 8:491–501
Colucci G, Maiello E, Giuliani F, Serraveza G, Pezzella G, Leo S et al (1994) Biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and liver metastases of colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 5(8):53
Kunimoto T, Nitta K, Tanaka T, Uehara N, Baba H, Takeuchi M et al (1987) Antitumor activity of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxy-camptothecin, a novel water-soluble derivative of camptothecin, against murine tumors. Cancer Res 47:5944–5947
Tsuruo T, Matsuzaki T, Matsushita M, Saito H, Yokokura T (1988) Antitumor effect of CPT-11, a new derivative of camptothecin, against pleiotropic drug-resistant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 21:71–74
Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M (1995) Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 19:59–71
van de Velde CJH, Sugarbaker PH (1984) Liver metastases. Martinus Nijhoff, Amsterdam
Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG, Enker WE, Turnbull AD, Coit DG et al (1997) Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 15(3):938–946
Schlag P, Hohenberger P, Herfarth Ch (1990) Resection of liver metastases in colorectal cancer – competitive analysis of treatment results in synchronous versus metachronous metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 16:360–365
Haberkorn U, Bellemann ME, Altmann A, Gerlach L, Morr I, Oberdorfer F et al (1997) PET 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat prostate adenocarcinoma during chemotherapy with gemcitabine. J Nucl Med 38(8):1215–1221
Hughes KS, Simons R, Songhorabodi S, Adson MA et al (1988) Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of indications for resection. Surgery 103:278–288
Doci R, Gennari L, Bignami P, Montalto F, Morabita A, Bozzetti F (1991) One hundred patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer treated by resection: analysis of prognostic determinants. Br J Surg 78:797–801
Scheele J, Stangl R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Gall FP (1991) Indicators of prognosis after hepatic resection for colorectal secondaries. Surgery 110:13–29
Ekberg H, Tranberg KG, Andersson R, Lundstedt C, Hagerstrand I, Ranstam J et al (1987) Pattern of recurrence in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. World J Surg 11(4):541–547
Cunningham JD, Fong Y, Shriver C, Melendez J, Marx WL, Blumgart LH (1994) One hundred consecutive hepatic resections. Blood loss, transfusion, and operative technique. Arch Surg 129(10):1050–1056
Jamison RL, Donohue JH, Nagorney DM, Rosen CB, Harmsen WS, Ilstrup DM (1997) Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer results in cure for some patients. Arch Surg 132:505–511
Nguyen KT, Gamblin TC, Geller DA (2008) Laparoscopic liver resection for cancer. Future Oncol 4(5):661–670
Buell JF, Thomas MT, Rudich S, Marvin M, Nagubandi R, Ravindra KV et al (2008) Experience with more than 500 minimally invasive hepatic procedures. Ann Surg 248(3):475–486
Laurence JM, Lam VW, Langcake ME, Hollands MJ, Crawford MD, Pleass HC (2007) Laparoscopic hepatectomy, a systematic review. ANZ J Surg 77(11):948–953
Santambrogio R, Aldrighetti L, Barabino M, Pulitano C, Costa M, Montorsi M et al (2009) Laparoscopic liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma. Is it a feasible option for patients with liver cirrhosis? Langenbecks Arch Surg 394(2):255–264
Zacharias T, Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Bachellier P, Weber JC (2004) First and repeat resection of colorectal liver metastases in elderly patients. Ann Surg 240(5):858–865
Nagano Y, Nojiri K, Matsuo K, Tanaka K, Togo S, Ike H et al (2005) The impact of advanced age on hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg 201(4):511–516
Brand MI, Saclarides TJ, Dobson HD, Millikan KW (2000) Liver resection for colorectal cancer: liver metastases in the aged. Am Surg 66(4):412–415
Figueras J, Ramos E, Lopez-Ben S, Torras J, Albiol M, Llado L et al (2007) Surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma in elderly patients. When is it worthwhile? Clin Transl Oncol 9(6):392–400
Riffat F, Chu F, Morris DL (2006) Liver resection in octogenarians. HPB (Oxford) 8(3):206–210
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chiu, A.K.W., Fong, Y. (2011). Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Liver. In: Rosenthal, R., Zenilman, M., Katlic, M. (eds) Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6999-6_76
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6999-6_76
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6998-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6999-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)