Abstract
The core plasma of the inner magnetosphere is cold and, potentially, could be handled based on the solutions of the variety of hydrodynamic equations discussed in Chap. 4. The cold plasma of the ionosphere and plasmasphere is the mediator of wave–particle interaction processes and provides the extremely important coupling element between the terrestrial ring current and Earth's radiation belts. The different parts of the inner magnetosphere also strongly couple to each other and create an additional complexity in the analysis of the numerical models of this system. The use of different sets of transport equations to describe the cold plasma distribution can also lead to different results and create an additional complexity in the interpretation of the role of the physical processes that control the behavior of the core plasma in the ionosphere–magnetosphere system. These difficulties illustrate why approximate analytic solutions of cold plasma transport phenomena are very useful, i.e., because they help us gain physical insight into how the system responds to varying sources of mass, momentum, and energy and also to various external boundary conditions. They also provide a convenient method to test the validity of complicated numerical models.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abe, T., Oyama, K.-I., Amemiya, H., Watanabe, S., Okuzawa, T., Schlegel, K.: Measurement of temperature and velocity distribution of thermal electrons by the Akebono (EXOS-D) satellite – Experimental setup and preliminary results. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 42, 537–554 (1990)
Abe, T., Whalen, B.A., Yau, A.W., Watanabe, S., Sagawa, E., Oyama, K.I.: Altitude profile of the polar wind velocity and its relationship to ionospheric conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2825–2828 (1993)
Axford, W.I.: The polar wind and the terrestrial helium budget. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6855–6859 (1968)
Bailey, G.J., Sellek, R.: A mathematical model of the Earth's plasmasphere and its application in a study of He at L = 3. Ann. Geophys. 8, 171–190 (1990)
Banks, P.M., Holzer, T.E.: The polar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6846–6854 (1968)
Banks, P.M., Kockarts, G.: Aeronomy. Academic, New York (1973)
Banks, P.M., Chappell, C.R., Nagy, A.F.: A new model for the interaction of auroral electrons with the atmosphere: Spectral degradation, backscatter optical emission, and ionization. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1459–1470 (1974)
Barakat, A.R., Schunk, R.W.: Transport equations for multicomponent anisotropic space plasma: A review. Plasma Phys. 24, 389–418 (1982)
Barakat, A.R., Schunk, R.W.: Effect of the hot electrons on the polar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 9771–9783 (1984)
Brice, N.M.: Bulk motion in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5193–5211 (1967)
Burch, J.L.: Magnetospheric imaging: Promise to reality. Rev. Geophys. 43, RG3001 (2005). doi: 10.1029/2004RG000160
Burch, J.L., Mitchell, D.G., Sandel, B.R., Brandt, P.C., Wuest, M.: Global dynamics of the plasmasphere and ring current during magnetic storms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1159–1162 (2001)
Chandler, M.O., Kozyra, J.U., Horwitz, J.L., Comfort, R.H., Brace, L.C.: Modeling of the thermal plasma in the outer plasma sphere – A magnetospheric heat source. In: Moore, T.E., Waite, J.H. (eds.) Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 44, pp. 101–105. AGU, Washington, DC (1988)
Chappell, R.C.: Recent satellite measurements of the morphology and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 10, 951–979 (1972)
Chernov, A.A., Khazanov, G.V., Tanygin, S.V.: Modeling of electron thermal fluxes into the ionosphere during the excitation of ion cyclotron waves by the ring current. Ann. Geophys. 8, 825–828 (1990)
Chew, G.F., Goldberger, M.L., Low, F.E.: The Boltzmann equation and one-fluid hydromagnetic equations in the absence of particle collisions. Proc. R. Soc. A 236, 112–118 (1956)
Chiu, Y.T., Schulz, M.: Self-consistent particle and parallel electrostatic field distributions in the magnetospheric-ionospheric auroral region. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 629–642 (1978)
Chodura, R., Pohl, F.: Hydrodynamic equations for anisotropic plasmas in magnetic fields. II. Transport equations including collisions. Plasma Phys. 13, 645–658 (1971)
Clark, D.H., Raitt, W.J., Willmore, A.P.: A measured anisotropy in the ionospheric electron temperature. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 35, 63–76 (1973)
Cole, K.D.: Stable auroral red arcs, sinks for energy of Dst main phase. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 1689–1706 (1965)
Cornwall, J.M.: Cyclotron instabilities and electromagnetic emission in the ultra low frequency and very low frequency ranges. J. Geophys. Res. 70, 61–69 (1965)
Cornwall, J.M.: Micropulsations and the outer radiation zone. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 2185–2199 (1966)
Cornwall, J.M., Coroniti, F.V., Thorne, R.M.: Unified theory of SAR-arc formation at the plasmapause. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 4428–4445 (1971)
Demars, H.G., Schunk, R.W.: Transport equations for multispecies plasmas based on individual bi-Maxwellian distributions. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 12, 1051–1077 (1979)
Demars, H.G., Schunk, R.W.: Comparison of solutions to bi-Maxwellian and Maxwellian transport equations for subsonic flows. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 5969–5990 (1987)
Demars, H.G., Schunk, R.W.: Solutions to bi-Maxwellian transport equations for the polar wind. Planet. Space Sci. 37, 85–96 (1989)
Ejiri, M., Hoffman, R.A., Smith, P.H.: The convection electric field model for the magnetosphere based on Explorer 45 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4811–4815 (1978)
Fraser, B.J.: Observations of ion cyclotron waves near synchronous orbit and on the ground. Space Sci. Rev. 42, 357–374 (1985)
Gamayunov, K.V., Krivorutsky, E.N., Khazanov, G.V.: Hydrodynamic description of magnetosphere plasma with due regard to the wave activity of Alfven and fast magnetosonic waves. Planet. Space Sci. 39, 1097–1105 (1991)
Gastman, I.J.: Theoretical investigation and plasma line measurements of conjugate photoelectrons in the ionosphere. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (1973)
Geisler, J.E., Bowhill, S.A.: Exchange of energy between the ionosphere and the protonosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 27, 1119–1146 (1965)
Goldstein, J., Spiro, R.W., Reiff, P.H., Wolf, R.A., Sandel, B.R., Freeman, J.W., Lambour, R.L.: IMF-driven overshielding electric field and the origin of the plasmaspheric shoulder of May 24, 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1819 (2002). doi: 10.1029/2001GL014534
Goldstein, J., Sandel, B.R., Hairston, M.R., Mende, S.B.: Plasmapause undulation of 17 April 2002. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L15801 (2004). doi: 10.1029/2004GL019959
Gombosi, T.I., Rasmussen, C.E.: Transport of gyration-dominated plasmas of thermal origin. 1. Generalized transport equations. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7759–7778 (1991)
Gorbachev, O.A., Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Plasma temperature anisotropy, caused by magnetospheric convection. Phys. Solariterr. Potsdam 20, 51–64 (1983)
Gorbachev, O.A., Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Temperature anisotropy in the Earth's plasmasphere caused by magnetosphere convection. Geomagn. Aeron. 24, 129–131 (1984)
Gorbachev, O.A., Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Quasilinear heating of thermal electrons during interaction of plasmasphere with the ring current. Geomagn. Aeron. 27, 540–543 (1987)
Gorbachev, O.A., Konikov, Yu.V., Sidorov, I.M., Khazanov, G.V.: Allowance for thermal flux variations in the model of ionosphere–plasmasphere interactions. Planet. Space Sci. 39, 847–857 (1991)
Guglielmi, A., Kangas, J., Mursula, K., Pikkarainen, T., Pokhotelov, O., Potapov, A.: Pc 1 induced electromagnetic lift of background plasma in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 21493–21500 (1996)
Guiter, S.M., Gombosi, T.I.: The role of high speed plasma flow in plasmaspheric refilling. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 10427–10440 (1990)
Guiter, S.M., Gombosi, T.I., Rasmussen, C.E.: Diurnal variations on a plasmaspheric flux tube: Light ion flows and F-region temperature enhancements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 813–816 (1991)
Horita, R., Yau, A., Whalen, B., Abe, T., Watanabe, S.: Ion depletion zones in the polar wind: EXOS D suprathermal ion mass spectrometer observations in the polar cap. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 11439–11448 (1993)
Horwitz, J.L., Comfort, R.H., Richards, P.G., Chandler, M.O., Chappell, C.R., Anderson, P., Hanson, W.B., Brace, L.H.: Plasmasphere–ionosphere coupling. 2. Ion composition measurements at plasmaspheric and ionospheric altitudes and comparison with modeling results. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 7949–7959 (1990)
Horwitz, J.L., Ho, C.W., Scarbro, H.D., Wilson, G.R., Moore, T.E.: Centrifugal acceleration of the polar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 15051–15064 (1994)
Kavanagh, L.D., Freeman, J.W., Chen, A.J.: Plasma flow in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5511–5519 (1968)
Kaye, S.M., Kivelson, M.G.: The influence of geomagnetic activity on the radial variation of the magnetospheric electric field between L = 4 and 10. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 863–867 (1981)
Kennel, C.F., Petschek, H.E.: Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1–28 (1966)
Khazanov, G.V.: The Kinetics of the Electron Plasma Component of the Upper Atmosphere. Nauka, Moscow (1979) [English translation: #80-50707, National Translation Center, Washington, DC (1980)]
Khazanov, G.V., Gefan, G.D.: The kinetics of ionosphere–plasmasphere transport of superthermal electrons. Phys. Solariterr. Potsdam 19, 65–80 (1982)
Khazanov, G.V., Koen, M.A., Konikov, Yu.V., Sidorov, I.M.: Simulation of ionosphere–plasmasphere coupling taking into account ion inertia and temperature anisotropy. Planet. Space Sci. 32, 585–598 (1984)
Khazanov, G.V., Chernov, A.A.: The effect of Alfven and fast magnetosonic turbulence on the heating of electrons and kinetic coefficients of the plasmasphere, Ionospheric investigations (in Russian), 44, 100–107 (1988)
Khazanov, G.V., Gombosi, T.I., Nagy, A.F., Koen, M.A.: Analysis of the ionosphere–plasmasphere transport of superthermal electrons. 1. Transport in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 16887–16895 (1992a)
Khazanov, G.V., Nagy, A.F., Gombosi, T.I., Koen, M.A., Cariglia, S.J.: Analytic description of the electron temperature behavior in the upper ionosphere and plasma sphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1915–1918 (1992b)
Khazanov, G.V., Rassmussen, C.E., Konikov, Yu.V., Gombosi, T.I., Nagy, A.F.: The effect of magnetospheric convection on thermal plasma in the inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 5923–5934 (1994)
Khazanov, G.V., Kozyra, J.U., Gorbachev, O.A.: Magnetospheric convection and the effects of wave–particle interaction on the plasma temperature anisotropy in the equatorial plasmasphere. Adv. Space Res. 17(10), 117–128 (1995)
Khazanov, G.V., Moore, T.E., Horwitz, J.L., Richards, P.G., Konikov, Yu.V.: The effect of anisotropic thermal conductivity on the temperature structure of the ionosphere–plasmasphere system. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 13399–13406 (1996)
Khazanov, G.V., Liemohn, M.W., Moore, T.E.: Photoelectron effects on the self-consistent potential in the collisionless polar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 7509–7522 (1997)
Khazanov, G.V., Liemohn, M.W., Krivorutsky, E.N., Moore, T.E.: Generalized kinetic description of a plasma in an arbitrary potential energy structure. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 6871–6889 (1998)
Khoyloo, A., Barakat, A.R., Schunk, R.W.: On the discontinuity in kinetic solutions of the collisionless polar wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1837–1840 (1991)
Klimenko, V.V., Namgaladze, A.A.: On the convection role in the formation of trough and plasma pause. Geomagn. Aeron. 20, 946–950 (1980)
Knight, S.: Parallel electric fields. Planet. Space Sci. 21, 741–750 (1973)
Koen, M.A., Konikov, Yu.V., Radzhabova, O.M.: Magnetospheric convection influence on hydrogen ion distribution in the Earth's plasmasphere. Geomagn. Aeron. 20, 875–880 (1980)
Konikov, Y.V.: Hydrodynamic equations in 16-moment approximation allowing for interactions of thermal electrons with ion-cyclotron waves in the Earth's outer plasma sphere. Planet. Space Sci. 38, 709–721 (1990)
Konikov, Y.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Estimate of the anisotropy of the electron temperature in the mid-latitude ionosphere and plasmasphere of the Earth. Geomagn. Aeron. 21, 740–747 (1981)
Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Equations of an anisotropic hydrodynamics for aeronomy. Phys. Solariterr. Potsdam 19, 103–117 (1982a)
Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: The anisotropy of charged particle temperatures in the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. 1. Theoretical analysis. Phys. Solariterr. Potsdam 19, 81–91 (1982b)
Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Effect of anisotropy of electron temperature on the charge particle concentration distribution in the plasmasphere. Geomagn. Aeron. 22, 274–279 (1982c)
Konikov, Y.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Equations of anisotropic hydrodynamics for electron component of the ionospheric plasma. Planet. Space Sci. 31, 91–98 (1983)
Konikov, Y.V., Khazanov, G.V.: About charged particle temperature anisotropies in the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. Geomagn. Aeron. 24, 45–53 (1984)
Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Electron temperature anisotropy, caused by ion-cyclotron wave heating of the plasmasphere. Cosmic Res. 26, 356–360 (1988)
Konikov, Yu.V., Gorbachev, O.A., Khazanov, G.V., Chernov, A.A.: Hydrodynamical equations for thermal electrons taking into account their scattering on ion cyclotron waves in the outer plasmasphere of the Earth. Planet. Space Sci. 37, 1157–1168 (1989)
Konikov, Yu.V.: Hydrodynamic equations in 16-moment approximation allowing for interactions of thermal electrons with ion cyclotron waves in the Earth's outer plasma sphere. Planet. Space Sci. 38, 709–721 (1991)
Kozyra, J.U., Shelley, E.G., Comfort, R.H., Brace, L.H., Cravens, T.E., Nagy, A.F.: The role of ring current O+ in the formation of stable auroral red arcs. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 7487–7502 (1987)
Krymskiy, P.F.: Azimuthal currents and heating of the plasma near plasmapause during periods of disturbances. Geomagn. Aeron. 30, 633–639 (1990)
Lehnert, B.: Dynamics of Charged Particles. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1964)
Lejeune, J., Wormser, F.: Diffusion of photoelectrons along a field line inside the plasma sphere. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2900–2916 (1976)
Lemaire, J.: Effect of escaping photoelectrons in a polar exospheric model. Space Res. 12, 1413–1416 (1972)
Lemaire, J.: The mechanisms of formation of the plasmapause. Ann. Geophys. 31, 175–190 (1975)
Lemaire, J., Scherer, M.: Model of the polar ion-exosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 18, 103–120 (1970)
Lemaire, J., Scherer, M.: Simple model for an ion-exosphere in an open magnetic field. Phys. Fluids 14, 1683–1694 (1971)
Lemaire, J., Scherer, M.: Ion-exosphere with asymmetric velocity distribution. Phys. Fluids 15, 760–766 (1972)
Lemaire, J., Scherer, M.: Plasma sheet particle precipitation: A kinetic model. Planet. Space Sci. 21, 281–289 (1973)
Lemaire, J.F., Peterson, W.K., Chang, T., Schunk, R.W., Barakat, A.R., Demars, H.G., Khazanov, G.V.: History of kinetic polar wind models and early observations. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 69, 1901–1935 (2007)
Li, X., Temerin, M.: Ponderomotive effects on ion acceleration in the auroral zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 13–16 (1993)
Liemohn, M.W.: Introduction to special section on “Results of the National Science Foundation Geospace Environment Modeling Inner Magnetosphere/Storms Assessment Challenge”. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A11S01 (2006). doi: 10.1029/2006JA011970
Liemohn, M.W., Khazanov, G.V.: Non-steady-state coupling processes in superthermal electron transport. In: Horwitz, J.L., Singh, N., Burch, J.L. (eds.) Cross-Scale Coupling in Space Plasmas. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 93, pp. 181–191. AGU, Washington, DC (1995)
Liemohn, M.W., Khazanov, G.V., Moore, T.E., Guiter, S.M.: Self-consistent superthermal electron effects on plasmaspheric refilling. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 7523–7536 (1997a)
Liemohn, M.W., Khazanov, G.V., Krivorutsky, E.N.: Self-consistent effects of superthermal electrons and a trapped hot population on plasmaspheric refilling (abstract). Eos Trans. AGU 78(17), Spring Meet. Suppl. S286 (1997b)
Lundin, R., Hultqvist, B.: Ionospheric plasma escape by high-altitude electric fields: Magnetic moment “pumping”. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 6665–6680 (1989)
Marubashi, K.: Effect of convection electric field on the thermal plasma flow between the ionosphere and the plasmasphere. Planet. Space Sci. 27, 603–615 (1979)
Marubashi, K., Grebowsky, J.M.: A model study of diurnal behavior of the ionosphere and protonosphere coupling. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1700–1706 (1976)
Miller, R.H., Khazanov, G.V.: A self-consistent electrostatic potential due to trapped plasma in the magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1331–1334 (1993)
Murphy, J.A., Bailey, G.J., Moffett, R.J.: A theoretical study of the effects of quiet-time electromagnetic drifts on the behavior of thermal plasma at mid-latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 1979–1986 (1980)
Nagy, A.F., Banks, P.M.: Photoelectron fluxes in the ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 6260–6270 (1970)
Nagy, A.F., Bauer, P.: Nighttime cooling of the protonosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6259–6274 (1968)
Nishida, A.: Formation of the plasmapause or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magnetospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5669–5679 (1966)
Nishida, A.: Geomagnetic Diagnosis of the Magnetosphere. Springer, New York (1978)
Olsen, E.L., Leer, E.: An eight moment solar wind model. In: Winterhalter, D., Gosling, J.T., Habbal, S.R., Kurth, W.S., Neugebauer, M. (eds.) Solar Wind Eight. AlP Conference Proceedings, vol. 382, pp. 157–164. AIP, Woodbury, NY (1996)
Oraevskii, V.N., Konikov, Yu.V., Khazanov, G.V.: Transport Processes in the Anisotropic Near-Terrestrial Plasmas. Nauka, Moscow (1985)
Oyama, K.-I., Abe, T.: Anisotropy of electron temperature in the ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 1195–1198 (1987)
Oyama, K.-I., Schlegel, K.: Observation of electron temperature anisotropy in the ionosphere: A review. Ann. Geophys. 6, 389–400 (1988)
Oyama, K.I., Hirao, K., Yasuhara, F.: Electron temperature probe on board Japan's 9th scientific satellite “OHZORA”. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 37, 413–430 (1985)
Park, C.G.: Some features of plasma distribution in the plasmasphere deduced from Antarctic whistlers. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 169–173 (1974)
Park, C.G., Carpenter, D.L., Wiggin, D.B.: Electron density in the plasmasphere: Whistler data on solar cycle, annual, and diurnal variations. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3137–3144 (1978)
Perraut, S.: Wave–particle interactions in the ULF range: GEOS-1 and-2 results. Planet. Space Sci. 30, 1219–1227 (1982)
Polyakov, V.M., Koyen, M.A., Ryazanova, L.D., Sidorov, I.M., Khazanov, G.V.: Mathematical model for ionosphere–plasmasphere interactions. Geomagn. Aeron. 22, 332–341 (1982)
Rasmussen, C.E., Schunk, R.W.: A three-dimensional time-dependent model of the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6133–6144 (1990)
Rasmussen, C.E., Guiter, S.M., Thomas, S.G.: A two-dimensional model of the plasmasphere: Refilling time constants. Planet. Space Sci. 41, 35–43 (1993)
Reinisch, B.W., Huang, X., Song, P., Green, J.L., Fung, S.F., Vasyliunas, V. M., Gallagher, D.L., Sandel, B.R.: J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01202 (2004) doi:10.1029/2003JA009948
Rees, M.H., Roble, R.G.: Observations and theory of the formation of stable auroral red arcs, Rev. Geophys. 13(1), 201–242 (1975)
Richards, P.G., Fennelly, J.A., Torr, D.G.: EUVAC: A solar EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8981–8992 (1994)
Richards, P.G., Comfort, R.H., Torr, D.G.: Simulation of nighttime electron temperature enhancements over Millstone Hill. In: IUGG XXI General Assembly, July 2–14, Boulder, CO (1995)
Roble, R.G., Ridley, E.C., Dickinson, R.E.: On the global mean structure of the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8745–8758 (1987)
Roederer, J.G.: Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation. Springer, Heidelberg (1970)
Roux, A., Perraut, S., Villedary, C.D., Gendrin, R., Kremser, G., Korth, A., Young, D.T.: Wave–particle interactions near \(\Omega _{{\rm{He}}^ + } \) observed on GEOS-1 and -2. 2. Generation of ion cyclotron waves and heating of He+. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8174–8190 (1982)
Sanatani, S., Hanson, W.B.: Plasma temperature in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 769–775 (1970)
Sandel, B.R., Goldstein, J., Gallagher, D.L., Spasojevic, M.: Extreme ultraviolet imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. 109, 25–46 (2003)
Schunk, R.W.: An updated theory of the polar wind. Adv. Space Res. 6(3), 79–88 (1986)
Schunk, R.W.: Polar wind tutorial. In: Chang, T., Crew, G.B., Jasperse, J.R. (eds.) Physics of Space Plasmas (1988). SPI Conference Proceedings and Reprint Series, pp. 81–98. Scientific, Cambridge, MA (1988a)
Schunk, R.W.: The polar wind. In: Moore, T.E., Waite, J.H. (eds.) Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 44, pp. 219–235. AGU, Washington, DC (1988b)
Schunk, R.W., Nagy, A.F.: Electron temperature in the F region of the ionosphere: Theory and observations. Rev. Geophys. 16, 355–399 (1978)
Schunk, R.W., Sojka, J.J., Bowline, M.D.: Theoretical study of the electron temperature in the high-latitude ionosphere for solar maximum and winter conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12041–12054 (1986)
Stasiewicz, K.: The influence of a turbulent region on the flux of auroral electrons. Planet. Space Sci. 33, 591–596 (1985)
Stern, D.P.: The motion of a proton in the equatorial magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 595–599 (1975)
Takahashi, T.: Energy degradation and transport of photoelectrons escaping from the upper ionosphere. Rept. Ionos. Space Res. Jap. 27(1), 79–86 (1973)
Tam, S.W., Yasseen, Y.F., Chang, T.: Self-consistent kinetic photoelectron effects on the polar wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2107–2110 (1995)
Trubnikov, B.A.: Particle interactions in a fully ionized plasma. In: Leontovich, M.A. (ed.) Reviews of Plasma Physics, vol. 1, pp. 105–204. Consultants Bureau, New York (1965)
Volland, H.: A semiempirical model of large-scale magnetospheric electric fields. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 171–180 (1973)
Volland, H.: Models of global electric fields within the magnetosphere. Ann. Geophys. 31, 159–173 (1975)
Wagner, C.-U., Moehlmann, D., Schaefer, K., Mishin, V.: Large-scale electrostatic processes in the plasmasphere. Geod. Geophys. Veroeff., pp. 105–204, R. II (1979)
Washimi, H., Katanuma, I.: Numerical BGK-solutions of large scale electrostatic potential in auroral plasmas. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 897–900 (1986)
Watanabe, S., Oyama, K.-I., Abe, T.: Anisotropic electron energy distribution in the topside ionospheric F-region. Planet. Space Sci. 37, 1207–1214 (1989)
Whipple, Jr., E.C.: The signature of parallel electric fields in a collisionless plasma. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 1525–1531 (1977)
Wilson, G.R., Khazanov, G.V., Horwitz, J.L.: Achieving zero current for polar wind outflow on open flux tubes subjected to large photoelectron fluxes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1183–1186 (1997)
Winningham, J.D., Gurgiolo, C.: DE-2 photoelectron measurements consistent with a large-scale parallel electric field over the polar cap. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 977–979 (1982)
Yau, A.W., Whalen, B.A., Abe, T., Mukai, T., Oyama, K.I., Chang, T.: Akebono observations of electron temperature anisotropy in the polar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 17451–17465 (1995)
Young, D.T., Perraut, S., Roux, A., de Villedary, C., Gendrin, R., Korth, A., Kremser, G., Jones, D.: Wave–particle interactions near \(\Omega _{{\rm{He}}^ + }\) observed on GEOS 1 and 2. 1. Propagation of ion cyclotron waves in the He+ rich plasma. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6755–6772 (1981)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khazanov, G.V. (2011). Analysis of Cold Plasma Transport. In: Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 372. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6797-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6796-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6797-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)