Abstract
With the advances in molecular genetics, the function of the APC gene has been and still is being described. In this chapter, a description of the APC protein, function, its relation to tumorigenesis, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and other colorectal cancer syndromes will be discussed. Finally animal models which have been proven invaluable in the discovery of the APC protein function, will be described.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell. 1996;87:59–170.
Wheeler JM. Epigenetics, mismatch repair genes and colorectal cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2005;87:15–20.
Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell. 1996;87:159–70.
Luchtenborg M, Weijenberg MP, Roemen GM, de Bruine AP, van den Brandt PA, Lentjes MH, et al. APC mutations in sporadic colorectal carcinomas from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25:1219–26.
Fearnhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF. The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:721–33.
Donis-Keller H, Green P, Helms C, Cartinhour S, Weiffenbach B, Stephens K, et al. A genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell. 1987;51:319–37.
Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human DNA. Nature. 1985;314:67–73.
Bodmer WF, Bailey CJ, Bodmer J, Bussey HJ, Ellis A, Gorman P, et al. Localization of the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis on chromosome 5. Nature. 1987;328:614–6.
Leppert M, Dobbs M, Scambler P, O’Connell P, Nakamura Y, Stauffer D, et al. The gene for familial polyposis coli maps to the long arm of chromosome 5. Science. 1987;238:1411–3.
Solomon E, Voss R, Hall V, Bodmer WF, Jass JR, Jeffreys AJ, et al. Chromosome 5 allele loss in human colorectal carcinomas. Nature. 1987;328:616–9.
Herrera L, Kakati S, Gibas L, Pietrzak E, Sandberg AA. Gardner syndrome in a man with an interstitial deletion of 5q. Am J Med Genet. 1986;25:473–6.
Lynch HT, Smyrk T, McGinn T, Lanspa S, Cavalieri J, Lynch J, et al. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP). A phenotypically and genotypically distinctive variant of FAP. Cancer. 1995;76:2427–33.
Su LK, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Preisinger AC, Moser AR, Luongo C, et al. Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. Science. 1992;256:668–70.
Lambertz S, Ballhausen WG. Identification of an alternative 5′ untranslated region of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Hum Genet. 1993;90:650–2.
Cheng H. Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. IV. Paneth cells. Am J Anat. 1974;141:521–35.
Stappenbeck TS, Wong MH, Saam JR, Mysorekar IU, Gordon JI. Notes from some crypt watchers: regulation of renewal in the mouse intestinal epithelium. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998;10:702–9.
Senda T, Iizuka-Kogo A, Onouchi T, Shimomura A. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) plays multiple roles in the intestinal and colorectal epithelia. Med Mol Morphol. 2007;40:68–81.
Tetsu O, McCormick F. Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature. 1999;398:422–6.
Brocardo M, Nathke IS, Henderson BR. Redefining the subcellular location and transport of APC: new insights using a panel of antibodies. EMBO Rep. 2005;6:184–90.
Liu J, Xing Y, Hinds TR, Zheng J, Xu W. The third 20 amino acid repeat is the tightest binding site of APC for beta-catenin. J Mol Biol. 2006;360:133–44.
Rubinfeld B, Albert I, Porfiri E, Munemitsu S, Polakis P. Loss of beta-catenin regulation by the APC tumor suppressor protein correlates with loss of structure due to common somatic mutations of the gene. Cancer Res. 1997;57:4624–30.
Bienz M. APC: the plot thickens. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1999;9:595–603.
Behrens J, Jerchow BA, Wurtele M, Grimm J, Asbrand C, Wirtz R, et al. Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with beta-catenin, APC, and GSK3beta. Science. 1999;280:596–9.
Joslyn G, Richardson DS, White R, Alber T. Dimer formation by an N-terminal coiled coil in the APC protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:11109–13.
Kawasaki Y, Sato R, Akiyama T. Mutated APC and Asef are involved in the migration of colorectal tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;5:211–5.
Mahmoud NN, Boolbol SK, Bilinski RT, Martucci C, Chadburn A, Bertagnolli MM, et al. Apc gene mutation is associated with a dominant-negative effect upon intestinal cell migration. Cancer Res. 1997;57:5045–50.
Munemitsu S, Souza B, Muller O, Albert I, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P, et al. The APC gene product associates with microtubules in vivo and promotes their assembly in vitro. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3676–81.
Smith KJ, Levy DB, Maupin P, Pollard TD, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, et al. Wild-type but not mutant APC associates with the microtubule cytoskeleton. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3672–5.
Kroboth K, Newton IP, Kita K, Dikovskaya D, Zumbrunn J, Waterman-Storer CM, et al. Lack of adenomatous polyposis coli protein correlates with a decrease in cell migration and overall changes in microtubule stability. Mol Biol Cell. 2007;18:910–8.
Nathke I. Cytoskeleton out of the cupboard: colon cancer and cytoskeletal changes induced by loss of APC. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:967–74.
Laurent-Puig P, Beroud C, Soussi T. APC gene: database of germline and somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res. 1998;26:269–70.
Crabtree MD, Tomlinson IP, Hodgson SV, Neale K, Phillips RK, Houlston RS, et al. Explaining variation in familial adenomatous polyposis: relationship between genotype and phenotype and evidence for modifier genes. Gut. 2002;51:420–3.
Samowitz WS, Thliveris A, Spirio LN, White R. Alternatively spliced adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene transcripts that delete exons mutated in attenuated APC. Cancer Res. 1995;55:3732–4.
Nugent KP, Phillips RK, Hodgson SV, Cottrell S, Smith-Ravin J, Pack K, et al. Phenotypic expression in familial adenomatous polyposis: partial prediction by mutation analysis. Gut. 1994;35:1622–3.
Bertario L, Russo A, Sala P, Varesco L, Giarola M, Mondini P, et al. Multiple approach to the exploration of genotype–phenotype correlations in familial adenomatous polyposis. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1698–707.
Crabtree MD, Fletcher C, Churchman M, Hodgson SV, Neale K, Phillips RK, et al. Analysis of candidate modifier loci for the severity of colonic familial adenomatous polyposis, with evidence for the importance of the N-acetyl transferases. Gut. 2004;53:271–6.
Lamlum H, Ilyas M, Rowan A, Clark S, Johnson V, Bell J, et al. The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson’s ‘two-hit’ hypothesis. Nat Med. 1999;5:1071–5.
Albuquerque C, Breukel C, van der Luijt R, Fidalgo P, Lage P, Stors FJ, et al. The ‘just-right’ signaling model: APC somatic mutations are selected based on a specific level of activation of the beta-catenin signaling cascade. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11:1549–60.
Crabtree M, Sieber OM, Lipton L, Hodgson SV, Lamlum H, Thomas HJ, et al. Refining the relation between ‘first hits’ and ‘second hits’ at the APC locus: the ‘loose fit’ model and evidence for differences in somatic mutation spectra among patients. Oncogene. 2003;22:4257–65.
Groves C, Lamlum H, Crabtree J, Williamson J, Taylor C, Bass S, et al. Mutation cluster region, association between germline and somatic mutations and genotype–phenotype correlation in upper gastrointestinal familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:2055–61.
Schneikert J, Grohmann A, Behrens J. Truncated APC regulates the transcriptional activity of beta-catenin in a cell cycle dependent manner. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16:199–209.
Laken SJ, Petersen GM, Gruber C, Oddoux H. Ostrer, Giardiello FM, et al. Familial colorectal cancer in Ashkenazim due to a hypermutable tract in APC. Nat Genet. 1997;17:79–83.
Woodage T, King SM, Wacholder S, Hartge P, Struewing JP, Peinado MA, et al. The APCI1307K allele and cancer risk in a community-based study of Ashkenazi Jews. Nat Genet. 1998;20:62–5.
Gryfe R, Di Nicola N, Gallinger S, Redston M. Somatic instability of the APC I1307K allele in colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Res. 1998;58:4040–3.
Horii A, Nakatsuru S, Ichii S, Nagase H, Nakamura Y. Multiple forms of the APC gene transcripts and their tissue-specific expression. Hum Mol Genet. 1993;2:283–7.
Esteller M, Sparks A, Toyota M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Capella G, et al. Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli promoter hypermethylation in human cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;60:4366–71.
Arnold CN, Goel A, Niedzwiecki D, Dowell JM, Wasserman L, Compton C, et al. APC promoter hypermethylation contributes to the loss of APC expression in colorectal cancers with allelic loss on 5q. Cancer Biol Ther. 2004;3:960–4.
Bai AH, Tong JH, To KF, Chan MW, Man EP, Lo KW, et al. Promoter hypermethylation of tumor-related genes in the progression of colorectal neoplasia. Int J Cancer. 2004;112:846–53.
Chen J, Rocken C, Lofton-Day C, Schulz HU, Muller O, Kutsner N, et al. Molecular analysis of APC promoter methylation and protein expression in colorectal cancer metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:37–43.
Al-Tassan N, Chmiel NH, Maynard J, Fleming N, Livingston AL, Williams GT, et al. Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G:C–>T:A mutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet. 2002;30:227–32.
Moser AR, Pitot HC, Dove WF. A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the mouse. Science. 1990;247:322–4.
Halberg RB, Katzung DS, Hoff PD, Moser Ar, Cole CE, Lubet RA, et al. Tumorigenesis in the multiple intestinal neoplasia mouse: redundancy of negative regulators and specificity of modifiers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:3461–6.
Caldwell CM, Green RA, Kaplan KB. APC mutations lead to cytokinetic failures in vitro and tetraploid genotypes in Min mice. J Cell Biol. 2007;178:1109–20.
Moser AR, Dove WF, Roth KA, Gordon JI. The Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mutation: its effect on gut epithelial cell differentiation and interaction with a modifier system. J Cell Biol. 1992;116:1517–26.
Boivin GP, Washington K, Yang K, Ward JM, Pretlow TP, Russell R, et al. Pathology of mouse models of intestinal cancer: consensus report and recommendations. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:762–77.
Dietrich WF, Lander ES, Smith JS, Moser AR, Gould KA, Luongo KA, et al. Genetic identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting Min-induced intestinal neoplasia in the mouse. Cell. 1993;75:631–9.
Gould K, Luongo AC, Moser AR, McNeley MK, Borenstein N, Shedlovsky A, Dove WF, Hong K, Dietrich WF, Lander ES. Genetic evaluation of candidate genes for the Mom1 modifier of intestinal neoplasia in mice. Genetics. 1996;144:1777–85.
Gould KA, Dietrich WF, Borenstein N, Lander ES, Dove WF. Mom1 is a semi-dominant modifier of intestinal adenoma size and multiplicity in Min/+ mice. Genetics. 1996;144:1769–76.
MacPhee M, Chepenik KP, Liddell RA, Nelson KK, Siracusa LD, Buhberg AM, et al. The secretory phospholipase A2 gene is a candidate for the Mom1 locus, a major modifier of ApcMin-induced intestinal neoplasia. Cell. 1995;81:957–66.
Coremier RT, Bilger A, Lillich AG, Halberg RB, Hong KA, Gould KA, et al. The MomlAKR intestinal tumor resistance region consists of Pla2g2a and a locus distal to D4Mit64. Oncogence. 2000;19:3182-92
Tomlinson IP, Beck NE, Neale K, Bodmer WF. Variants at the secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2G2A) locus: analysis of associations with familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic colorectal tumours. Ann Hum Genet. 1996;60:369–76.
Silverman KA, Koratkar R, Siracusa LD, Buchberg AM. Identification of the modifier of Min 2 (Mom2) locus, a new mutation that influences Apc-induced intestinal neoplasia. Genome Res. 2002;12:88–97.
Baran AA, Silverman KA, Zeskand J, Koratkar R, Palmer A, McCullen K, et al. The modifier of Min 2 (Mom2) locus: embryonic lethality of a mutation in the Atp5a1 gene suggests a novel mechanism of polyp suppression. Genome Res. 2007;17:566–76.
Haines J, Johnson V, Pack K, Suraweera N, Slijepcevic P, Cabuy E, et al. Genetic basis of variation in adenoma multiplicity in ApcMin/+ Mom1S mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:2868–73.
Kwong LN, Shedlovsky A, Biehl BS, Clipson L, Pasch CA, Dove WF, et al. Identification of Mom7, a novel modifier of Apc(Min/+) on mouse chromosome 18. Genetics. 2007;176:1237–44.
Taketo MM. Wnt signaling and gastrointestinal tumorigenesis in mouse models. Oncogene. 2006;25:7522–30.
Colnot S, Niwa-Kawakita M, Hamard G, Godard C, Le Plenier S, Houbron C, et al. Colorectal cancers in a new mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis: influence of genetic and environmental modifiers. Lab Invest. 2004;84:1619–30.
Oshima M, Oshima H, Kitagawa K, Kobayashi M, Itakura C, Taketo M, et al. Loss of Apc heterozygosity and abnormal tissue building in nascent intestinal polyps in mice carrying a truncated Apc gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:4482–6.
Li Q, Ishikawa TO, Oshima M, Taketo MM. The threshold level of adenomatous polyposis coli protein for mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2005;65:8622–7.
Fodde R, Edelmann W, Yang K, van Leeuwen C, Carlson C, Renault B, et al. A targeted chain-termination mutation in the mouse Apc gene results in multiple intestinal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:8969–73.
Quesada CF, Kimata H, Mori M, Nishimura M, Tsuneyoshi T, Baba S, et al. Piroxicam and acarbose as chemopreventive agents for spontaneous intestinal adenomas in APC gene 1309 knockout mice. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1998;89:392–6.
Nagase H, Nakamura Y. Mutations of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene. Hum Mutat. 1993;2:425–34.
Rowan AJ, Lamlum H, Ilyas M, Wheeler J, Straub J, Papdopoulou A, et al. APC mutations in sporadic colorectal tumors: A mutational “hotspot” and interdependence of the “two hits”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:3352–7.
Andreu P, Colnot S, Godard C, Gad S, Chafey P, niwa-Kawakita M, et al. Crypt-restricted proliferation and commitment to the Paneth cell lineage following Apc loss in the mouse intestine. Development. 2005;132:1443–51.
Sansom OJ, Meniel VS, Muncan V, Phesse TJ, Wilkins JA, Reed KR, et al. Myc deletion rescues Apc deficiency in the small intestine. Nature. 2007;446:676–9.
Sansom OJ, Reed KR, van de Wetering M, Muncan V, Winton DJ, Clevers H, et al. Cyclin D1 is not an immediate target of beta-catenin following Apc loss in the intestine. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:28463–7.
Hulit J, Wang C, Li Z, Albanese C, Rao M, DiVisio D, et al. Cyclin D1 genetic heterozygosity regulates colonic epithelial cell differentiation and tumor number in ApcMin mice. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24:7598–611.
Baker SM, Bronner CE, Zhang L, Plug AW, Robatzek M, Warren G, et al. Male mice defective in the DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2 exhibit abnormal chromosome synapsis in meiosis. Cell. 1995;82:309–19.
Edelmann W, Cohen PE, Kane M, Lau K, Morrow B, Bennett S, et al. Meiotic pachytene arrest in MLH1-deficient mice. Cell. 1996;85:1125–34.
Edelmann W, Umar A, Yang K, Heyer J, Kucherlapati M, Lia M, et al. The DNA mismatch repair genes Msh3 and Msh6 cooperate in intestinal tumor suppression. Cancer Res. 2000;60:803–7.
Reitmair AH, Schmits R, Ewel A, Bapat B, Redston M, Mitri A, et al. MSH2 deficient mice are viable and susceptible to lymphoid tumours. Nat Genet. 1995;11:64–70.
Baker SM, Harris AC, Tsao JL, Flath TJ, Bronner CE, Gordon M, et al. Enhanced intestinal adenomatous polyp formation in Pms2-/-;Min mice. Cancer Res. 1998;58:1087–9.
Kuraguchi M, Edelmann W, Yang K, Lipkin M, Kucherlapati R, et al. Tumor-associated Apc mutations in Mlh1−/− Apc1638N mice reveal a mutational signature of Mlh1 deficiency. Oncogene. 2000;19:5755–63.
Reitmair AH, Cai JC, Bjerknes M, Redston M, Cheng H, et al. MSH2 deficiency contributes to accelerated APC-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 1996;56:2922–6.
Edelmann W, Yang K, Kuraguchi M, Heyer J, Lia M, et al. Tumorigenesis in Mlh1 and Mlh1/Apc1638N mutant mice. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1301–7.
Sansom OJ, Meniel V, Wilkins JA, Cole AM, Oien KA, et al. Loss of Apc allows phenotypic manifestation of the transforming properties of an endogenous K-ras oncogene in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:14122–7.
Oshima H, Oshima M, Kobayashi M, Tsutsumi M, Taketo MM. Morphological and molecular processes of polyp formation in Apc(delta716) knockout mice. Cancer Res. 1997;57:1644–9.
Smits R, Kartheuser A, Jagmohan-Changur S, Leblanc V, Breukel C, et al. Loss of Apc and the entire chromosome 18 but absence of mutations at the Ras and Tp53 genes in intestinal tumors from Apc1638N, a mouse model for Apc-driven carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18:321–7.
Batlle E, Bacani J, Begthel H, Jonkheer S, Gregorieff A, et al. EphB receptor activity suppresses colorectal cancer progression. Nature. 2005;435:1126–30.
Alberici P, Jagmohan-Changur S, De Pater E, Van Der Valk M, Smits R, et al. Smad4 haploinsufficiency in mouse models for intestinal cancer. Oncogene. 2006;25:1841–51.
Hamamoto T, Beppu H, Okada H, Kawabata M, Kitamura T, et al. Compound disruption of smad2 accelerates malignant progression of intestinal tumors in apc knockout mice. Cancer Res. 2002;62:5955–61.
Takaku K, Oshima M, Miyoshi H, Matsui M, Seldin MF, et al. Intestinal tumorigenesis in compound mutant mice of both Dpc4 (Smad4) and Apc genes. Cell. 1998;92:645–56.
Pretlow TP, Edelmann W, Kucherlapati R, Pretlow TG, Augenlicht LH. Spontaneous aberrant crypt foci in Apc1638N mice with a mutant Apc allele. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1757–63.
Smits R, van der Houven van Oordt W, Luz A, Zurcher C, Jagmohan-Changur S, et al. Apc1638N: a mouse model for familial adenomatous polyposis-associated desmoid tumors and cutaneous cysts. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:275–83.
Shibata H, Toyama K, Shioya H, Ito M, Hirota M, et al. Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene. Science. 1997;278:120–3.
Sasai H, Masaki M, Wakitani K. Suppression of polypogenesis in a new mouse strain with a truncated Apc(Delta474) by a novel COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:953–8.
Luo G, Santoro IM, McDaniel LD, Nishijima I, Mills M, et al. Cancer predisposition caused by elevated mitotic recombination in Bloom mice. Nat Genet. 2000;26:424–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carvajal-Carmona, L.G., Silver, A., Tomlinson, I.P. (2010). Molecular Genetics of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. In: Rodriguez-Bigas, M., Cutait, R., Lynch, P., Tomlinson, I., Vasen, H. (eds) Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. M.D. Anderson Solid Tumor Oncology Series, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6603-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6603-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6602-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6603-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)