Abstract
Cities, regions, states, and countries compete vigorously with one another for the right to host mega-events. Political conventions, religious conferences, and sports events such as the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, the World Cup, Commonwealth Games, and the Pan American Games qualify as mega-events. Competition for these events has intensified given the common perception that they have the capacity to transform the economic landscape in the cities and countries that host them.
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Notes
- 1.
An exception to this occurred with the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games. The exception is attributable to the fact that the City of Los Angeles was the only city bidding for the Games in 1984. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was in no position, therefore, to compel the construction of infrastructure as is typical with multiple suitor cities.
- 2.
It should be noted that, all else equal, the more participants there are in an auction, the more likely that the winning bid will exceed the benefit from the auctioned item. The benefit from hosting the Super Bowl is the economic impact that it ostensibly yields.
- 3.
NFL.com news, “Goodell: New stadium would bring Super Bowl back to Atlanta,” http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d81c0b6bc/article/goodell-new-stadium-would-bring-super-bowl-back-to-atlanta.
- 4.
Peter Callaghan, “New stadium could spark Round Two of tax subsidy begging,” The News Tribune, September 29, 2009, http://www.thenewstribune.com/2009/09/29/897268/new-stadium-could-spark-round.html.
- 5.
Jason Whitley, “Cities spending millions to stage Super Bowl,” WFAA.com, http://www.wfaa.com/news/local/Cities-spending-millionsto-stage-Super-Bowl-XLV-10.
- 6.
Steeg claimed that the NFL and NFL Properties spend a combined $43 million on Super Bowl XXXIV, for example.
- 7.
Baumann et al. (2009).
- 8.
Porter (1999).
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Baade, R.A., Matheson, V.A. (2012). An Evaluation of the Economic Impact of National Football League Mega-Events. In: Quinn, K. (eds) The Economics of the National Football League. Sports Economics, Management and Policy, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6290-4_14
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