Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Essentials of Anatomic Pathology pp 1515–1565Cite as

Urinary Bladder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 4727 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter reviews the clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic features, as well as the differential diagnosis of the most common lesions and tumors of the urinary bladder. Applicable ancillary testing modalities including immunohistochemistry and molecular findings are discussed. Several summary tables and photomicrographs are included to facilitate the use of this chapter as a quick reference guide for routine surgical pathology practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

SUGGESTED READING

  • Abbosh PH, Wang M, Eble JN, Lopez-Beltran A, Maclennan GT, Montironi R, Zheng S, Pan CX, Zhou H, Cheng L. Hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor gene CpG islands in small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 2008;21:355–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin MB, Gomez JA, Young RH. Urothelial transitional cell carcinoma with endophytic growth patterns: a discussion of patterns of invasion and problems associated with assessment of invasion in 18 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1057–1068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin MB, Young RH. Intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder with a discussion of the histogenesis of urothelial neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 1997;14:84–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin MB. Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol 2009;22 (S2):S96–S118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong AB, Wang M, Eble JN, MacLennan GT, Montironi R, Tan PH, Lopez-Beltran A, Zhang S, Baldridge LA, Spartz H, Cheng L. TP53 mutational analysis supports monoclonal origin of biphasic sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 2009;22:113–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbisan F, Santinelli A, Mazzucchelli R, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Scarpelli M, van der Kwast T, Montironi R. Strong immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, superficial staining pattern of cytokeratin 20, and low proliferative activity define those papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential that do not recur. Cancer 2008;112:636–644.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bol MG, Baak JP, Buhr-Wildhagen S, et al. Reproducibility and prognostic variability of grade and lamina propria invasion in stages Ta, T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 2003;169:1291–1294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bostwick DG, Mikuz G. Urothelial papillary (exophytic) neoplasms. Virchows Arch 2002;441:109–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bostwick DG, Ramnani DM, Cheng L. Diagnosis and grading of bladder cancer and associated lesions. Urol Clin North Am 1999;26:493–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bostwick DG. Natural history of early bladder cancer. J Cell Biochem (Suppl) 1992;16I:31–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan TY, Epstein JI. Radiation or chemotherapy cystitis with “pseudocarcinomatous” features. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:909–913.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Zhang S, Davidson DD, MacLennan GT, Koch MO, Montironi R, Lopez-Beltran A. Molecular determinants of tumor recurrence in the urinary bladder. Future Oncol 2009;5:843–857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Montironi R, Davidson DD, Lopez-Beltran A. Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 2009;22 (S2):S70–S95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Jones TD, McCarthy RP, Eble JN, Wang M, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Yang XJ, Koch MO, Zhang Z, Pan CX, Baldridge LA. Molecular genetic evidence for a common clonal origin of urinary bladder small cell carcinoma and co-existing urothelial carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2005;166:1533–1539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Foster SR, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Zhang S, Montironi R. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the genitourinary tract – single entity or continuum? J Urol 2008;180:1235–1240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Neumann RM, Nehra A, et al. Cancer heterogeneity and its biologic implications in the grading of urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:1663–1670.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Neumann RM, Weaver AL, et al. Predicting cancer progression in patients with stage T1 bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1999;17: 3182–3187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Pan CX, Yang XJ, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 64 patients. Cancer 2004;101:957–962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Weaver AL, Leibovich BC, et al. Predicting the survival of bladder carcinoma patients treated by radical cystectomy. Cancer 2000;88:2326–2332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Bostwick DG. Overdiagnosis of bladder carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2008;30:261–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Cheville JC, Leibovich BC, et al. Survival of patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1999;85:2469–2474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Flat intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder. Cancer 2000;88:625–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Cheville JC, Roxann N, et al. Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, et al. Atypical nephrogenic metaplasia of the urinary tract: a precursor lesion? Cancer 2000;88:853–861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Darson M, Cheville JC. Urothelial papilloma of the bladder: clinical and biological implications. Cancer 1999;86:2098–2101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Gu J, Ulbright TM, et al. Precise microdissection of human bladder cancers reveals divergent tumor subclones in the same tumor. Cancer 2002;94:104–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Leibovich BC, Ramnani DM. Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: can biologic potential be predicted? Cancer 2000;88:844–852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, MacLennan GT, Pan CX, et al. Allelic loss of the active X chromosome during bladder carcinogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004;128:187–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, MacLennan GT, Zhang S, et al. Laser capture microdissection analysis reveals frequent allelic losses in papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential of the urinary bladder. Cancer 2004;101: 183–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Montironi R, Bostwick DG. Villous adenoma of the urinary tract: a report of 23 cases including 8 with coexistent adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:764–771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Bostwick DG, Li G, et al. Conserved genetic findings in metastatic bladder cancer: a possible utility of allelic loss of chromosome 9p21 and 17p13 in diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:1197–1199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Nascimento AG, Neuman RM, et al. Hemangioma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1999;86:498–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Neumann RM, Scherer BG, et al. Tumor size predicts the survival of patients with pathologic stage T2 bladder carcinoma: a critical evaluation of the depth of muscle invasion. Cancer 1999;85:2638–2647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Neumann RM, Bostwick DG. Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential: clinical and biological implications. Cancer 1999;86:2102–2108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Neumann RM, Weaver AL, et al. Grading and staging of bladder carcinoma in the transurethral resection specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:275–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Scheithauer BW, Leibovich BC, et al. Neurofibroma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1999;86:505–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Weaver AL, Bostwick DG. Predicting extravesical extension of bladder carcinoma. Urology 2000;55:668–672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Weaver AL, Neumann RM, et al. Substaging of T1 bladder carcinoma based on the depth of invasion as measured by micrometer: a new proposal. Cancer 1999;86:1035–1043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Davidson DD, MacLennan GT, Williamson SR, Zhang S, Koch MO, Montironi R, Lopez-Beltran A. The Origins of Urothelial Carcinoma. Exp Rev Anticancer Ther 2010;10:865–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Young RH. Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder: a report of six cases of a benign mullerian lesion that may mimic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:533–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eble JN, Young RH. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a review of its diverse morphology. Semin Diagn Pathol 1997;14:98–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein JI, Amin MB, Reuter VR, et al. The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:1435–1448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman A, Geddes N, Munson P, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK 1) staining and molecular analysis in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of the bladder: a preliminary clinicopathological study of nine cases and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 2004;17:765–771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grignon DJ, Ro JY, Ayala AG, et al. Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 72 cases. Cancer 1991;67:2165–2172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grignon DJ, Ro JY, Ayala AG, et al. Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;95:13–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grignon DJ. The current classification of urothelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2009;22 (S2):S60–S69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo CC, Fine SW, Epstein JI. Noninvasive squamous lesions in the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:883–891.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Wang HL, Policarpio-Nicolas ML, et al. Expression of alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme a racemase in nephrogenic adenoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:1224–1229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harnden P, Mahmond N, Southgate J. Expression of cytokeratin 20 defines urothelial papillomas of the bladder. Lancet 1999;353:974–977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansel DE, Nadasdy T, Epstein JI. Fibromyxoid nephrogenic adenoma: a newly recognized variant mimicking mucinous adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:1231–1237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges KB, Lopez-Beltran A, Davidson DD, Montironi R, Cheng L. Urothelial dysplasia and other flat lesions of the urinary bladder: clinicopathological and molecular features. Hum Pathol 2010;41:155–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iczkowski KA, Shanks JH, Gadaleana V, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor and sarcoma of urinary bladder: differential diagnosis and outcome in 38 spindle cell neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2001;14:1043–1051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J, Ulbright TM, Younger C, et al. Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 in primary urinary bladder carcinoma and matched lymph node metastasis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:921–923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez RE, Gheiler E, Oskanian P, et al. Grading the invasive component of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and its relationship with progression-free survival. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:980–987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jone EC, Clement PB, Young RH. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:264–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones TD, Carr MD, Eble JN, Wang M, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Clonal origin of lymph node metastases in bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2005;104:1901–1910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones TD, Kernek KM, Yang XJ, Lopez-Beltran A, MacLennan GT, Eble JN, Lin H, Pan CX, Tretiakova M, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Thyroid transcription factor 1 expression in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: an immunohistochemical profile of 44 cases. Hum Pathol 2005;36:718–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones TD, Wang M, Eble JN, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Zhang S, Cocco A, Cheng L. Molecular evidence supporting field effect in urothelial carcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:6512–6519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones TD, Zhang S, Lopez-Beltran A, Eble JN, Sung MT, MacLennan GT, Montironi R, Tan PH, Zheng S, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern can be distinguished from inverted papilloma by fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and morphologic analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:1861–1867.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacy S, Lopez-Beltran A, MacLennan GT, Foster SR, Montironi R, Cheng L. Molecular pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma: the clinical utility of emerging new biomarkers and future molecular classification of bladder cancer. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009;31:5–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagwinski N, Thomas A, Stephenson AJ, Campbell S, Hoschar AP, El-Gabry E, Dreicer R, Hansel DE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 45 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1777–1787.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez Beltran A, Bassi P, Pavone-Macaluso M, et al. Handling and pathology reporting of specimens with carcinoma of the urinary bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. Eur Urol 2004;45:257–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Alvarez-Kindelan J, Luque RJ, Blanca A, Quintero A, Montironi R, Cheng L, Gonzalez-Campora R, Requena MJ. Loss of heterozygosity at 9q32–33 (DBC1 locus) in primary non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential and low grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and their associated normal urothelium. J Pathol 2008;215:263–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Blanca A, Montironi R, Cheng L, Regueiro JC. Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol 2009;40:1461–1466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Andersson L, et al. Preneoplastic non-papillary lesions and conditions of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 2002;440:3–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Mazzucchelli R, Bianconi M, Blanca A, Scarpelli M, Montironi R. Morphological and molecular profiles and pathways in bladder neoplasms. Anticancer Res 2008;28:2893–2900.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma: differential diagnosis and clinical implications. Hum Pathol 2006;37:1371–1388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Stage pT1 bladder carcinoma: diagnostic criteria, pitfalls and prognostic significance. Pathology 2003;35:484–491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Luque RJ, Alvarez-Kindelan J et al. Prognostic factors in survival of patients with stage Ta and T1 bladder urothelial tumors: the role of G1-S modulators (p53, p21Waf1, p27Kip1, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3), proliferation index and clinicopathologic parameters. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;122:444–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Pacelli A, Rothenberg HJ, et al. Carcinosarcoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma of the bladder: clinicopathologic study of 41 cases. J Urol 1998;159:1497–1503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Pérez-Seoane C, Montironi R, Hernández-Iglesias T, Mackintosh C, de Alava E. Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the urinary bladder: a clinico-pathological study emphasising immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and molecular analyses. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:775–778.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Requena MJ, Alvarez-Kindelan J, Quintero A, Blanca A, Montironi R. Squamous differentiation in primary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract as seen by MAC387 immunohistochemistry. J Clin Pathol 2007;60:332–325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Requena MJ, Cheng L, Montironi R. Pathological variants of invasive bladder cancer according to their suggested clinical significance. BJU Int 2008;101:275–281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Requena MJ, Montironi R, Blanca A, Cheng L. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Hum Pathol 2009;40: 1023–1028.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Sauter G, Gasser T, et al. Urothelial tumors: infiltrating urothelial carcinoma. In: Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn I, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A. Bladder cancer: clinical and pathological profile. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2008;218:95–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Requena MJ, Montironi R, Blanca A, Cheng L. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Hum Pathol 2009;40:1023–1028.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Prieto R, Blanca A, Montironi R. Lymphoepi­thelioma-like carcinoma of the prostate. Hum Pathol 2009;40: 982–987.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Blanca A, Montironi R, Cheng L, Regueiro JC. Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol 2009;40:1461–1466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Amin MB, Oliveira PS, Montironi R, Algaba F, McKenney JK, de Torres I, Mazerolles C, Ruiz JA, Wang M, Cheng L. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, lipid cell variant. Clinicopathologic findings and LOH analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:371–376.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Blanca A, Cheng L. Invasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Hum Pathol (in press).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Comperat E, Rouprêt M, Blanca A, Menendez CL, Montironi R. Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Pathology2010;42:364–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lott S, Lopez-Beltran A, Maclennan GT, Montironi R, Cheng L. Soft tissue tumors of the urinary bladder, part I: myofibroblastic proliferations, benign neoplasms, and tumors of uncertain malignant potential. Hum Pathol 2007;38:807–823.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lott S, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, MacLennan GT, Cheng L. Soft tissue tumors of the urinary bladder Part II: malignant neoplasms. Hum Pathol 2007;38:963–977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lott S, Wang M, Zhang S, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Sung MT, Tan PH, Cheng L. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and TP53 mutation analysis in inverted urothelial papilloma: incidence and etiological considerations. Mod Pathol 2009;22:627–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin SA, Sears DL, Sebo TJ, et al. Smooth muscle neoplasms of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic comparison of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:292–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucchelli R, Morichetti D, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Scarpelli M, Kirkali Z, Montironi R. Neuroendocrine tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs: clinical significance. BJU Int 2009;103:286–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKenney JK, Amin MB, Young RH. Urothelial (transitional cell) papilloma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases. Mod Pathol 2003;16:623–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKenney JK, Desai S, Cohen C, Amin MB. Discriminatory immunohistochemical staining of urothelial carcinoma in situ and non-neoplastic urothelium: an analysis of cytokeratin 20, p53, and CD44 antigens. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1074–1078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenney JK, Gomez JA, Desai S, et al. Morphologic expressions of urothelial carcinoma in situ: a detailed evaluation of its histologic patterns with emphasis on carcinoma in situ with microinvasion. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:356–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montironi R, Cheng L, Mazzucchelli R, Scarpelli M, Kirkali Z, Montorsi F, Lopez-Beltran L. Critical evaluation of the prostate from cystoprostatectomies for bladder cancer: Insights from a complete sampling with the whole mount technique. Eur Urol 2009;55:1305–1309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montironi R, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Mazzucchelli R, Cheng L. Morphological classification and definition of benign, preneoplastic and non-invasive neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder. Histopathology 2008;53:621–633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montironi R, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Mazzucchelli R, Cheng L. 2004 World Health Organization classification of the noninvasive urothelial neoplasms: Inherent problems and clinical reflections. Eur Urol 2009;8 (Suppl):453–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Scarpelli M, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Morphological diagnosis of urothelial neoplasms. J Clin Pathol 2008;61:3–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton MJ, Zhang S, Lopez-Beltran A, MacLennan GT, Eble JN, Montironi R, Sung MT, Tan PH, Zheng S, Zhou H, Cheng L. Telomere shortening and chromosomal abnormalities in intestinal metaplasia of the urinary bladder. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:6232–6236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy WM, Takezawa K, Maruniak NA. Interobserver discrepancy using the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology. Classification of urothelial neoplasms: practical choices for patient care. J Urol 2003;168:968–972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliva E, Young RH. Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary tract: a review of the microscopic appearance of 80 cases with emphasis on unusual features. Mod Pathol 1995;8:722–730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis JW, Schapers RF, Janssen-Heijnen ML, et al. Histological grading of papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic value of the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification system and comparison with conventional grading systems. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:900–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan C, Yang XJ, Lopez-Beltran A, et al. C-kit expression in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Mod Pathol 2005;18:320–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan CC, Yu IT, Yang AH, et al. Clear cell myomelanocytic tumor of the urinary bladder. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:689–692.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pant-Purohit M, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, MacLennan GT, Cheng L. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Histol Histopathol 2010;25:217–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker DC, Folpe AL, Bell J, et al. Potential utility of uroplakin III, thrombomodulin, high molecular weight cytokeratin, and cytokeratin 20 in noninvasive, invasive, and metastatic urothelial (transitional cell) carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson RF, Ulbright TM, MacLennan GT, et al. Molecular genetic alterations in the laser-capture microdissected stroma adjacent to bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:1830–1836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samaratunga H, Khoo K. Micropapillary. Variant of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder; a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2004;45:55–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinnider BF, Oliva E, Young RH, et al. Expression of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) in nephrogenic adenoma: a significant immunohistochemical pitfall compounding the differential diagnosis with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:701–705.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MT, Eble JN, Wang M, Tan PH, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder: a molecular genetic appraisal. Mod Pathol 2006;19:1289–1294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MT, Lopez-Beltran A, Eble JN, MacLennan GT, Tan PH, Montironi R, Jones TD, Ulbright TM, Blair JE, Cheng L. Divergent pathway of intestinal metaplasia and cystitis glandularis of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 2006;19:1395–1401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MT, Maclennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Cheng L. Natural history of urothelial inverted papilloma. Cancer 2006;107:2622–2627.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MT, Wang M, MacLennan GT, Eble JN, Tan PH, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Harris JJ, Kuhar M, Cheng L. Histogenesis of sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence for a common clonal origin with divergent differentiation. J Pathol 2007;211:420–430.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MT, Zhang S, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Wang M, Tan PH, Cheng L. Histogenesis of clear cell adenocarcinoma in the urinary tract: evidence of urothelial origin. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:1947–1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung MT, Zhang S, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Wang M, Davidson DD, Koch MO, Cain MP, Rink RC, Cheng L. Urothelial carcinoma following augmentation cystoplasty: An aggressive variant with distinct clinicopathological characteristics and molecular genetic alterations. Histopathology 2009;55:161–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DC, Bhagavan BS, Larsen MP, et al. Papillary urothelial hyperplasia: a precursor to papillary neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1481–1488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volmar KE, Chan TY, De Marzo AM, et al. Nests mimicking urothelial carcinoma: a morphologic and immunohistochemical comparison to the nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:1243–1252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang HL, Lu DW, Yerian LM, et al. Immunohistochemical distinction between primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder and secondary colorectal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1380–1387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, MacLennan GT, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder – histogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, biomarkers, treatment, and prognosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007;15:8–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, MacLennan GT, Zhang S, Montironi R, Lopez-Beltran A, Tan PH, Foster S, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: Clinical outcome and molecular characterization. Hum Pathol2009;40:211–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yorukoglu K, Tuna B, Dikicioglu E, et al. Reproducibility of the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology classification of papillary urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 2003;443:734–740.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Bostwick DG. Florid cystitis glandularis with mucin extravasation: a mimic of adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1462–1468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Clement PB. Mullerianosis of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 1996;9:731–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Oliva E. Invasive transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder that may be under diagnosed: a report of four cases exemplifying the homology between neoplastic and nonneoplastic transitional cell lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1448–1454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Zukerberg LR. Microcystic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a report of four cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:635–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH. Pseudoneoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder and urethra: a selective review with emphasis on recent information. Semin Diagn Pathol 1997;14:133–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH. Tumor-like lesions of the urinary bladder. Mod Pathol 2009;22 (S2):S37–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou M, Epstein JI, Young RH. Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: a lesion that may be misdiagnosed as urothelial carcinoma in transurethral resection specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:94–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fellowship in Urologic Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Liang Cheng MD

  2. Department of Surgery, Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Cordoba University School of Medicine, Cordoba, Spain

    Antonio Lopez-Beltran MD

  3. Bostwick Laboratories, Glen Allen, VA, USA

    David G. Bostwick MD

Authors
  1. Liang Cheng MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Antonio Lopez-Beltran MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David G. Bostwick MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liang Cheng MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Dept. Pathology, Indiana University, N. University Blvd. 550, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana, USA

    Liang Cheng

  2. Bostwick Laboratories, N. Parham Rd. 2807, Richmond, 23294, Virgin Islands, USA

    David G. Bostwick

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cheng, L., Lopez-Beltran, A., Bostwick, D.G. (2011). Urinary Bladder. In: Cheng, L., Bostwick, D. (eds) Essentials of Anatomic Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6043-6_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6043-6_36

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6042-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6043-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation