Abstract
While genetic factors play a role in the development of obesity, the dramatic increase of its prevalence in the past 20 years strongly suggests that environmental factors are largely responsible. The history of human race during the past 20 years has seen a drastic and extremely rapid evolution of the environment (British Medical Association (BMA) 2005). While more than 100 years ago, “saving steps” documents were published (Fig. 22.1) (Van Rensselaer 1901), nowadays we are recommended to strive for 10,000 steps per day (Lindberg 2000; Mummery et al. 2006; US Department of Health and Human Services 1996).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Based on rankings of conference participants (n = 41).
References
Active Living Research (2009). Building the evidence to prevent childhood obesity and support active communities. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, San Diego (February 8, 2010); http://www.activelivingresearch.org.
Beasley, J.M., Riley, W.T., & Jean-Mary, J. (2005). Accuracy of a PDA-based dietary assessment program. Nutrition, 21, 672–677.
Beasley, J.M., Riley, W.T., Davis, A., & Singh, J. (2008). Evaluation of a PDA-based dietary assessment and intervention program: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College of Nutrition, 27, 280–286.
Bellisari, A. (2008). Evolutionary origins of obesity. Obesity Reviews, 9, 165–180.
Berg, C., Lappas, G., Wolk, A., Strandhagen, E., Toren, K., Rosengren, A., Thelle, D., & Lissner, L. (2009). Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population. Appetite, 52, 21–26.
Boone, J.E., Gordon-Larsen, P., Stewart, J.D., & Popkin, B.M. (2008). Validation of a GIS facilities database: quantification and implications of error. Annals of Epidemiology, 18, 371–377.
Booth, K.M., Pinkston, M.M., & Poston, W.S. (2005). Obesity and the built environment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, S110–S117.
Boulton, T.J., Magarey, A.M., & Cockington, R.A. (1995). Tracking of serum lipids and dietary energy, fat and calcium intake from 1 to 15 years. Acta Paediatrica, 84, 1050–1055.
British Medical Association (BMA) (2005). Preventing childhood obesity. London: BMA publications unit.
Brug, J., van Lenthe, F.J., & Kremers, S.P. (2006). Revisiting Kurt Lewin: how to gain insight into environmental correlates of obesogenic behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31, 525–529.
Burdette, H.L., & Whitaker, R.C. (2004). Neighborhood playgrounds, fast food restaurants, and crime: relationships to overweight in low-income preschool children. Preventive Medicine, 38, 57–63.
Burdette, H.L., Wadden, T.A., & Whitaker, R.C. (2006). Neighborhood safety, collective efficacy, and obesity in women with young children. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 518–525.
Cardon, G.M., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I.M. (2008). Are preschool children active enough? Objectively measured physical activity levels. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 326–332.
Cardon, G., De Clercq, D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Breithecker, D. (2004a). Sitting habits in elementary schoolchildren: a traditional versus a “moving school”. Patient Education and Counselling, 54, 133–142.
Cardon, G., Verstraete, S., De Bourdeaudhuij, I.M., & De Clercq, D.L. (2004b). Physical activity levels in elementary-school physical education: a comparison of swimming and non-swimming classes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 23, 252–263.
Cardon, G., Van Cauwenberghe, E., Labarque, V., Haerens, L., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2008). The contribution of preschool playground factors in explaining children’s physical activity during recess. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5, 11.
Chinn, D.J., White, M., Harland, J., Drinkwater, C., & Raybould, S. (1999). Barriers to physical activity and socioeconomic position: implications for health promotion. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 191–192.
Coleman, K.J., Geller, K.S., Rosenkranz, R.R., & Dzewaltowski, D.A. (2008). Physical activity and healthy eating in the after-school environment. Journal of School Health, 78, 633–640.
Collins (2006). Collins essential English dictionary. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Coogan, P.F., & Coogan, M.A. (2004). When worlds collide: observations on the integration of epidemiology and transportation behavioral analysis in the study of walking. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19, 39–44.
Coon, K.A., & Tucker, K.L. (2002). Television and children’s consumption patterns. A review of the literature. Minerva Pediatrica, 54, 423–436.
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Sallis, J.F., & Saelens, B.E. (2003). Environmental correlates of physical activity in a sample of Belgian adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 83–92.
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Teixeira, P.J., Cardon, G., & Deforche, B. (2005). Environmental and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in Portuguese and Belgian adults. Public Health Nutrition, 8, 886–895.
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Yngve, A., te Velde, S.J., Klepp, K.I., Rasmussen, M., Thorsdottir, I., Wolf, A., & Brug, J. (2006). Personal, social and environmental correlates of vegetable intake in normal weight and overweight 9 to 13-year old boys. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3, 37.
De Bourdeaudhuij, I., te Velde, S., Brug, J., Due, P., Wind, M., Sandvik, C., Maes, L., Wolf, A., Perez Rodrigo, C., Yngve, A., Thorsdottir, I., Rasmussen, M., Elmadfa, I., Franchini, B., & Klepp, K.I. (2008). Personal, social and environmental predictors of daily fruit and vegetable intake in 11-year-old children in nine European countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 834–841.
De Cocker, K.A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I.M., Brown, W.J., & Cardon, G.M. (2007). Effects of “10,000 steps Ghent”: a whole-community intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 455–463.
De Cocker, K.A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I.M., Brown, W.J., Cardon, G.M. (2008). The effect of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention on sitting time. Preventive Medicine, 47, 179–181.
Departement mobiliteit en openbare werken (2010). Mobiel Vlaanderen, voor uw vragen over mobiliteit en openbare werken: Fietsvergoeding woon-werk verkeer. Brussel (February 8, 2010); http://www.mobielvlaanderen.be/wegverkeer/fietsen-013.php.
Diliberti, N., Bordi, P.L., Conklin, M.T., Roe, L.S., & Rolls, B.J. (2004). Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obesity Reserach, 12, 562–568.
Dixon, H.G., Scully, M.L., Wakefield, M.A., White, V.M., & Crawford, D.A. (2007). The effects of television advertisements for junk food versus nutritious food on children’s food attitudes and preferences. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1311–1323.
Drewnowski, A. (2004). Obesity and the food environment: dietary energy density and diet costs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 154–162.
Dwyer, G.M., Higgs, J., Hardy, L.L., & Baur, L.A. (2008a). What do parents and preschool staff tell us about young children’s physical activity: a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5, 66.
Dwyer, J., Needham, L., Simpson, J.R., & Heeney, E.S. (2008b). Parents report intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental barriers to supporting healthy eating and physical activity among their preschoolers. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33, 338–346.
Edmonds, J., Baranowski, T, Baranowski, J., Cullen, K.W., & Myres, D. (2001). Ecological and socioeconomic correlates of fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption among African-American boys. Preventive Medicine, 32, 476–481.
Edwards, R.D. (2008). Public transit, obesity, and medical costs: assessing the magnitudes. Preventive Medicine, 46, 14–21.
Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., & Bonnefoy, X. (2005). Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 331, 611–612.
Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A., & Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 47–57.
Eyler, A.A., Matson-Koffman, D., Young, D.R., Wilcox, S., Wilbur, J., Thompson, J.L., Sanderson, B., & Evenson, K.R. (2003). Quantitative study of correlates of physical activity in women from diverse racial/ethnic groups: The Women’s Cardiovascular Health Network Project – summary and conclusions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 93–103.
Feldman, P.J., & Steptoe, A. (2004). How neighborhoods and physical functioning are related: the roles of neighborhood socioeconomic status, perceived neighborhood strain, and individual health risk factors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 91–99.
Foster, C., Hillsdon, M., & Thorogood, M. (2004). Environmental perceptions and walking in English adults. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 924–928.
Frank, L.D., Andresen, M.A., & Schmid, T.L. (2004). Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 87–96.
French, S.A. (2003). Pricing effects on food choices. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 841S–843S.
French, S.A., Jeffery, R.W., Story, M., Hannan, P., & Snyder, M.P. (1997). A pricing strategy to promote low-fat snack choices through vending machines. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 849–851.
French, S.A., Jeffery, R.W., Story, M., Breitlow, K.K., Baxter, J.S., Hannan, P., & Snyder, M.P. (2001). Pricing and promotion effects on low-fat vending snack purchases: the CHIPS Study. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 112–117.
Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R.J. (2002). Socioeconomic status differences in recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Preventive Medicine, 35, 601–611.
Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R.J. (2003). Relative influences of individual, social environmental, and physical environmental correlates of walking. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1583–1589.
Giles-Corti, B., Broomhall, M.H., Knuiman, M., Collins, C., Douglas, K., Ng, K., Lange, A., & Donovan, R.J. (2005). Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 169–176.
Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M.C., Page, P., & Popkin, B.M. (2006). Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics, 117, 417–424.
Government Office for Science (2007). Foresight “Tackling obesities: future choices – project report”, 2nd edition. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills (BIS), URN: 07/1184X.
Haerens, L., Deforche, B., Maes, L., Cardon, G., Stevens, V., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2006). Evaluation of a 2-year physical activity and healthy eating intervention in middle school children. Health Education Research, 21, 911–921.
Handy, S.L., Boarnet, M.G., Ewing, R., & Killingsworth, R.E. (2002). How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 64–73.
Hardus, P.M., van Vuuren, C.L., Crawford, D., & Worsley, A. (2003). Public perceptions of the causes and prevention of obesity among primary school children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27, 1465–1471.
Healthy Eating Research (2009). Building evidence to prevent childhood obesity. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Minneapolis (February 8, 2010); http://www.healthyeatingresearch.org.
Hill, J.O., & Peters, J.C. (1998). Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science, 280, 1371–1374.
Johnson-Taylor, W.L., & Everhart, J.E. (2006). Modifiable environmental and behavioral determinants of overweight among children and adolescents: report of a workshop. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 929–966.
Johnston, L.D., Delva, J., & O’Malley, P.M. (2007). Soft drink availability, contracts, and revenues in American secondary schools. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, S209–S225.
Kandris, S., & Liu, G. (2003). Indianapolis site-specific neighborhood health analysis: environmental factors and risk of childhood obesity. Indianapolis: The Polis Center, IUPUI.
King, A.C., Castro, C., Wilcox, S., Eyler, A.A., Sallis, J.F., & Brownson, R.C. (2000). Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial-ethnic groups of U.S. middle-aged and older-aged women. Health Psychology, 19, 354-364.
Kinra, S., Nelder, R.P., & Lewendon, G.J. (2000). Deprivation and childhood obesity: a cross sectional study of 20 973 children in Plymouth, United Kingdom. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54, 456–460.
Kirtland, K.A., Porter, D.E., Addy, C.L., Neet, M.J., Williams, J.E., Sharpe, P.A., Neff, L.J., Kimsey, C.D. Jr, & Ainsworth, B.E. (2003). Environmental measures of physical activity supports: perception versus reality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24, 323–331.
Kremers, S.P., de Bruijn, G.J., Visscher, T.L., van Mechelen, W., de Vries, N.K., & Brug, J. (2006). Environmental influences on energy balance-related behaviors: a dual-process view. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3, 9.
Kubik, M.Y., Lytle, L.A., Hannan, P.J., Perry, C.L., & Story, M. (2003). The association of the school food environment with dietary behaviors of young adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1168–1173.
Ledikwe, J.H., Ello-Martin, J.A., & Rolls, B.J. (2005). Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 905–909.
Lindberg, R. (2000). Active living: on the road with the 10,000 Steps Program. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100, 878–879.
Liu, G.C., Cunningham, C., Downs, S.M., Marrero, D.G., & Fineberg, N. (2002). A spatial analysis of obesogenic environments for children. Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium, Indianapolis, 459–463.
Michaelsen, K.F., Weaver, L., Branca, F., & Robertson, A. (2003). Feeding and nutrition of infants and young children: Guidelines for the WHO European Region, with emphasis on the former Soviet countries. Copenhagen, Denmark, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe: WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 87.
Mobley, L.R., Root, E.D., Finkelstein, E.A., Khavjou, O., Farris, R.P., & Will, J.C. (2006). Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 327–332.
Morland, K., Wing, S., Roux, A.D., & Poole, C. (2002). Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 23–29.
Mummery, W.K., Schofield, G., Hinchliffe, A., Joyner, K., & Brown, W. (2006). Dissemination of a community-based physical activity project: the case of 10,000 steps. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 424–430.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2008). Physical activity and the environment: Guidance on the promotion and creation of physical environments that support increased levels of physical activity. London (April 13, 2009); http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/PH8.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., French, S., Hannan, P., Story, M., & Fulkerson, J. (2005). School lunch and snacking patterns among high school students: associations with school food environment and policies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2, 14.
Papas, M.A., Alberg, A.J., Ewing, R., Helzlsouer, K.J., Gary, T.L., & Klassen, A.C. (2007). The built environment and obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29, 129–143.
Peters, J.C., Wyatt, H.R., Donahoo, W.T., & Hill, J.O. (2002). From instinct to intellect: the challenge of maintaining healthy weight in the modern world. Obesity Reviews, 3, 69–74.
Popkin, B.M. (2001). Nutrition in transition: the changing global nutrition challenge. Asia Paific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10 Suppl, S13–S18.
Rolls, E.T. (2007). Understanding the mechanisms of food intake and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 8, 67–72.
Rolls, B.J., Roe, L.S., Kral, T.V., Meengs, J.S., & Wall, D.E. (2004). Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women. Appetite, 42, 63–69.
Rose, D., & Richards, R. (2004). Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program. Public Health Nutrition, 7, 1081–1088.
Saelens, B.E., & Handy, S.L. (2008). Built environment correlates of walking: a review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, S550–S566.
Saelens, B.E., Sallis, J.F., Black, J.B., & Chen, D. (2003a). Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1552–1558.
Saelens, B.E., Sallis, J.F., & Frank, L.D. (2003b). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 80–91.
Sallis, J.F., Story, M., & Lou, D. (2009). Study designs and analytic strategies for environmental and policy research on obesity, physical activity, and diet: recommendations from a meeting of experts. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, S72–S77.
Schmid, T.L., Pratt, M., & Howze, E. (1995). Policy as intervention: environmental and policy approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1207–1211.
Stettler, N., Signer, T.M., & Suter, P.M. (2004). Electronic games and environmental factors associated with childhood obesity in Switzerland. Obesity Research, 12, 896–903.
Story, M., Hayes, M., & Kalina, B. (1996). Availability of foods in high schools: is there cause for concern? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 123–126.
Suminski, R.R., Poston, W.S., Petosa, R.L., Stevens, E., & Katzenmoyer, L.M. (2005). Features of the neighborhood environment and walking by U.S. adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 149–155.
Suminski, R.R., Fritzsinger, J., Leck, T., & Hyder, M.M. (2008). Observing physical activity in suburbs. Health & Place, 14, 894–899.
Swinburn, B., Egger, G., & Raza, F. (1999). Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity. Preventive Medicine, 29, 563–570.
Taras, H.L., Sallis, J.F., Patterson, T.L., Nader, P.R., & Nelson, J.A. (1989). Television’s influence on children’s diet and physical activity. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 176–180.
Tauber, M., & Jouret, B. (2004). Role of environmental factors in childhood obesity. In W. Kiess, C. Marcus, & M. Wabitsch (Eds.), Obesity in childhood and adolescence (pp. 91–102). Basel: Karger.
US Department of Health and Human Services (1996). Physical activity and health: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
van der Horst, K., Timperio, A., Crawford, D., Roberts, R., Brug, J., & Oenema A. (2008). The school food environment associations with adolescent soft drink and snack consumption. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 217–223.
Van Dyck, D., Cardon, G., Deforche, B., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2009a). Lower neighbourhood walkability and longer distance to school are related to physical activity in Belgian adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 48, 516–518.
Van Dyck, D., Deforche, B., Cardon, G., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2009b). Neighbourhood walkability and its particular importance for adults with a preference for passive transport. Health & Place, 15, 496–504.
Van Dyck, D., Cardon, G., Deforche, B., Sallis, J.F., Owen, N., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2010). Neighborhood SES and walkability are related to physical activity behavior in Belgian adults. Preventive Medicine, 50, 74–79.
Van Dyck, D., Cerin, E., Cardon, G., Deforche, B., Sallis, J.F., Owen, N., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2010). Physical activity as a mediator of the associations between neighborhood walkability and adiposity in Belgian adults. Health Place. 16, 952–960.
van Lenthe, F.J., & Mackenbach, J.P. (2002). Neighbourhood deprivation and overweight: the GLOBE study. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 234–240.
Van Rensselaer, M. (1901). Saving steps. Suppl. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University; College of Agriculture. Cornell Reading Course for Farmers’ Wives.
vélo’v (2009). Lyon (February 8, 2010); http://www.velov.grandlyon.com/?L=1.
Wells, N.M., Ashdown, S.P., Davies, E.H.S., & Cowett, F.D. (2007). Environment, design, and obesity, opportunities for interdisciplinary collaborative research. Environment and Behavior, 39, 6–33.
Westerterp, K.R. (2009). Assessment of physical activity: a critical appraisal. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 823–828.
Woodman, J., Lorenc, T., Harden, A., & Oakley, A. (2008). Social and environmental interventions to reduce childhood obesity: a systematic map of reviews. London: Social Science Research Unit. EPPI-Centre report.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2009). Diet and physical activity: a public health priority. Geneva (April 13, 2009); http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/en.
Young, L.R., & Nestle, M. (2002). The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 246–249.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huybrechts, I., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., De Henauw, S. (2011). Environmental Factors: Opportunities and Barriers for Physical Activity, and Healthy Eating. In: Moreno, L., Pigeot, I., Ahrens, W. (eds) Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6039-9_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6039-9_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6038-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6039-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)