Skip to main content

Informed Consent and the Protection of Human Subjects in Genomic Research with Children and Families

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Genomics and the Family

Part of the book series: Issues in Clinical Child Psychology ((ICCP))

Abstract

Consideration of the ethics of genetic testing of children under research auspices is complex under any circumstances. Because of contemporary issues that affect such analysis, any attempt to parse the topic must be very exacting. Such issues include the following:

• the increasing volume of pediatric research, which will presumably lead to an increase in genetic research in this population;

• the ongoing debate in genetics research about the obligations of researchers to share the individual results of molecular testing with subjects (and presumably, families, when such subjects are children);

• how to best understand the data that has come from studies about the possible harms to individual children of receiving genetic testing results; and

• the best ways to apply traditional bioethical analysis about participation of children in clinical research to enrolling children in such studies that include genetic testing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Ethical issues with genetic testing in pediatrics. Pediatrics, 107(6), 1451–1455.

    Google Scholar 

  • American College of Medical Genetics/American Society of Human Genetics. (1995). Genetic testing in children and adolescents, points to consider: Ethical legal and psychosocial implications of. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 1233–1241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkin, L. M., Sondhi, D., Worgall, S., Suh, L. H., Hackett, N. R., Kaminsky, S. M., et al. (2005). Confronting the issues of therapeutic misconception, enrollment decisions, and personal motives in genetic medicine-based clinical research studies for fatal disorders. Human Gene Therapy, 16(9), 1028–1036.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baylis, F., Downie, J., & Kenny, N. (1999). Children and decision-making in health research. IRB A Review of Human Subjects Research, 21(4), 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookman, E. B., Langehorne, A. A., Eckfeldt, J. H., Glass, K. C., Jarvik, G. P., Klag, M., et al. (2006). Reporting genetic results in research studies: Summary and recommendations of an NHLBI Working Group. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140A(10), 1033–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borry, P., Fryns, J. P., Schotsmans, P., & Dierickx, K. (2006). Carrier testing in minors: A systematic review of guidelines and position papers. European Journal of Human Genetics, 14(2), 133–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, A. R., Dignam, J. J., Ibe, C. N., Auh, S. L., Hlubocky, F. J., Cummings, S. A., et al. (2007). How often do BRCA mutation carriers tell their young children of the family’s risk for cancer? A study of parental disclosure of BRCA mutations to minors and young adults. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(24), 3705–3711.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M. E. (1999). Consent (assent) for research with pediatric patients. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 15(2), 96–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M. E., Kodish, E., Geller, G., & Siminoff, L. A. (2003). Children in research: New perspectives and practices for informed consent. IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research, Suppl 25(5), S20–S23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M., & Richards, D. (2003). The influence of relationships on children’s and adolescents’ participation in research. Nursing Research, 52(3), 191–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M., Richards, D., & Hall, J. (2001). Children in research: The experience of ill children and adolescents. Journal of Family Nursing, 7(1), 32–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M., & Stieglitz, K. (1992). The consent process and children. Research in Nursing & Health, 15, 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, W., & Diekema, D. S. (2006). Ethical issues arising from the participation of children in genetic research. Journal of Pediatrics, 149(Suppl 1), S34–S38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, P. H., Butow, P. N., & Craig, J. C. (2002). Pediatricians’ attitudes toward randomized controlled trials involving children [see comment]. Journal of Pediatrics, 141(6), 798–803.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, P. H., Butow, P. N., & Craig, J. C. (2003). Parents’ attitudes to children’s participation in randomized controlled trials. Journal of Pediatrics, 142(5), 554–559.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, E., & Ross, L. F. (2003). Parental attitudes regarding newborn screening of PKU and DMD. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 120(2), 209–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Pediatric Society. (2003). Guidelines for genetic testing of healthy children. Retrieved March 13, 2008, from http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/B/b03-01.htm

  • Chang, M. H., Lindegren, M. L., Butler, M. A., Chanock, S. J., Dowling, N. F., Gallagher, M., et al. (2009). CDC/NCI NHANES III Genomics Working Group. Prevalence in the United States of selected candidate gene variants: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991–1994. Am J Epidemiol, 169(1), 54–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, E. W. (1995). Removing the shadow of the law from the debate about genetic testing of children. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 57(4), 630–634.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clinical Genetics Society. (1994). The genetic testing of children. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from http://www.bshg.org.uk/documents/official_docs/testchil.htm

  • Codori, A. M., Zawacki, K. L., Petersen, G. M., Miglioretti, D. L., Bacon, J. A., Trimbath, J. D., et al. (2003). Genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer in children: Long-term psychological effects. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 116A(2), 117–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C. B. (1998). Wrestling with the future: Should we test children for adult-onset genetic conditions? Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 8(2), 111–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collogan, L., & Fleischman, A. R. (2005). Adolescent research and parental permission. In E. Kodish (Ed.), Ethics and research with children a case-based approach (pp. 77–99). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeau, A. M., Parad, R., Gerstle, R., O’Sullivan, B. P., Dorkin, H. L., Dovey, M., et al. (2005). Challenges in implementing a successful newborn cystic fibrosis screening program. Journal of Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 3), S89–S93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, Z. N., Nelson, R. M., & Ross, L. F. (2004). Certificates of confidentiality in research: Rationale and usage. Genetic Testing, 8(2), 214–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diekema, D. S. (2006). Conducting ethical research in pediatrics: A brief historical overview and review of pediatric regulations. Journal of Pediatrics, 149(Suppl 1), S3–S11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. E., & Delatycki, M. B. (2006). Predictive genetic testing in young people for adult-onset conditions: Where is the empirical evidence? Clinical Genetics, 69(1), 8–16, discussion 17–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. E., Savulescu, J., Gillam, L., Williamson, R., & Delatycki, M. B. (2005). An international survey of predictive genetic testing in children for adult onset conditions. Genetics in Medicine, 7(6), 390–396.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elger, B. S., & Harding, T. W. (2000). Testing adolescents for a hereditary breast cancer gene (BRCA1): Respecting their autonomy is in their best interest.[see comment]. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(2), 113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. H. (2000). A sociological account of the growth of principlism. Hastings Center Report, 30(5), 31–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Gatti, R. A. (1999). A mark on the arm: Myths of carrier status in sibs of individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 86(4), 338–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanos, J. H., & Johnson, J. P. (1995). Perception of carrier status by cystic fibrosis siblings. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57(2), 431–438.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, C. V., & Weijer, C. (2006). Obligations in offering to disclose genetic research results [see comment]. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(6), 44–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, M., & Behrman, R. (Eds.). (2001). Ethical conduct of clinical research involving children. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fryer, A. (2000). Inappropriate genetic testing of children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 83(4), 283–285.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fryer-Edwards, K., & Fullerton, S. M. (2006). Relationships with test-tubes: Where’s the reciprocity?[comment]. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(6), 36–38, author reply W10–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, G. (2005). The Ethics of Predictive Genetic Testing in Prevention Trials Involving Adolescents. In E. Kodish (Ed.), Ethics and Research With Children A Case-Based Approach (pp. 194–220). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geller, G., Tambor, E. S., Bernhardt, B. A., Fraser, G., & Wissow, L. S. (2003). Informed consent for enrolling minors in genetic susceptibility research: A qualitative study of at-risk children’s and parents’ views about children’s role in decision-making. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32(4), 260–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glantz, L. (1994). The law of human experimentation with children. In M. Grodin & L. Glantz (Eds.), Children as research subjects science, ethics & law (pp. 103–130). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Great Britain. Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing. (1999). Genetic research and ethics. Bulletin of Medical Ethics, 145, 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosfeld, F. J., Lips, C. J., Beemer, F. A., van Spijker, H. G., Brouwers-Smalbraak, G. J., & ten Kroode, H. F. (1997). Psychological risks of genetically testing children for a hereditary cancer syndrome. Patient Education & Counseling, 32(1–2), 63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamann, H. A., Croyle, R. T., Venne, V. L., Baty, B. J., Smith, K. R., & Botkin, J. R. (2000). Attitudes toward the genetic testing of children among adults in a Utah-based kindred tested for a BRCA1 mutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 92(1), 25–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harman, L. B. (2003). Attitudes toward genetic testing: Gender, role, and discipline. Topics in Health Information Management, 24(1), 50–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hern, M. J., Beery, T. A., & Barry, D. G. (2006). Experiences of college-age youths in families with a recessive genetic condition. Journal of Family Nursing, 12(2), 119–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heshka, J. T., Palleschi, C., Howley, H., Wilson, B., & Wells, P. S. (2008). A systematic review of perceived risks, psychological and behavioral impacts of genetic testing. Genetics in Medicine, 10(1), 19–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoedemaekers, R. (1998). Predictive genetic testing and the concept of risk. In A. Clarke (Ed.), The genetic testing of children (pp. 245–264). Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, T., Hoyt, A., Therrell, B., & Ayoob, M. (2006). Exploring barriers to long-term follow-up in newborn screening programs. Genetics in Medicine, 8(9), 563–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, D. E., & Wulfsberg, E. A. (1995). Testing children for genetic predispositions: Is it in their best interest? [see comment]. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 23(4), 331–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, S. C., Glanz, K., Steffen, A., & Wilfond, B. S. (2004). Recruitment approaches for family studies: Attitudes of index patients and their relatives. IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research, 26(4), 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvinen, O., Hietala, M., Aalto, A. M., Arvio, M., Uutela, A., Aula, P., et al. (2000a). A retrospective study of long-term psychosocial consequences and satisfaction after carrier testing in childhood in an autosomal recessive disease: Aspartylglucosaminuria. Clinical Genetics, 58(6), 447–454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvinen, O., Lehesjoki, A. E., Lindlof, M., Uutela, A., & Kaariainen, H. (2000b). Carrier testing of children for two x-linked diseases: A retrospective study of comprehension of the test results and social and psychological significance of the testing. Pediatrics, 106(6), 1460–1465.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, M. M., Rasmussen, S. A., Moore, C. A., & Honein, M. A. (2008). Ethical issues raised by incorporation of genetics into the national birth defects prevention study. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics, 148(1), 40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorde, L., Carey, J., Bamshad, M., & White, R. (2003). Medical genetics (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klitzman, R. (2006). Questions, complexities, and limitations in disclosing individual genetic results. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(6), 34–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kodish, E. (2005). Ethics and research with children: An introduction. In E. Kodish (Ed.), Ethics and research with children: A case-based approach (pp. 3–25). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodish, E., Eder, M., Noll, R. B., Ruccione, K., Lange, B., Angiolillo, A., et al. (2004). Communication of randomization in childhood leukemia trials. JAMA, 291(4), 470–475.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koocher, G., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1994). Scientific issues in psychosocial and educational research with children. In M. Grodin & L. Glantz (Eds.), Children as research subjects (pp. 47–80). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopelman, L. M. (2006). Children as research subjects: Moral disputes, regulatory guidance, and recent court decisions. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 73(3), 596–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koren, G. (2003). Healthy children as subjects in pharmaceutical research. Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 24(2), 149–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, Z. (1998). Appropriate paternalism and the best interests of the child. In A. Clarke (Ed.), The genetic testing of children (pp. 237–243). Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavieri, R. R., & Garner, S. A. (2006). Ethical considerations in the communication of unexpected information with clinical implications.[see comment]. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(6), 46–48, author reply W10–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerman, C., Narod, S., Schulman, K., Hughes, C., Gomez-Caminero, A., Bonney, G., et al. (1996). BRCA1 testing in families with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer. A prospective study of patient decision making and outcomes. JAMA, 275(24), 1885–1892.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lessick, M., & Faux, S. (1998). Implications of genetic testing of children and adolescents. Holistic Nursing Practice, 12(3), 38–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. (1986). Ethics and regulations of clinical research (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maloney, D. M. (2007). More research with children as the subjects. Human Research Report, 22(11), 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masty, J., & Fisher, C. (2008). Empirical research on ethical issues in pediatric research. Ethics & Behavior, 18(2–3), 139–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkie-Rosell, A., & Spiridigliozzi, G. A. (2004). “Family matters”: A conceptual framework for genetic testing in children. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 13(1), 9–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Melvin, E., Dawson, D. V., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (2008). Living with genetic risk: Effect on adolescent self-concept. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics, 148(1), 56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michie, S., Bobrow, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2001). Predictive genetic testing in children and adults: A study of emotional impact. Journal of Medical Genetics, 38(8), 519–526.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, V., Drotar, D., & Kodish, E. (2004). Children’s competence for assent and consent: A review of empirical findings. Ethics and Behavior, 14(3), 255–295.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, V. A., & Nelson, R. M. (2006). A developmental approach to child assent for nontherapeutic research. Journal of Pediatrics, 149(Suppl 1), S25–S30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, V., Reynolds, W., & Nelson, R. (2008, April–September). Parent-child roles in decision making about medical research. Ethics & Behavior, 18(2–3), 161–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. B., & Weijer, C. (2005). Evaluating risks and harms in research with healthy children. In E. Kodish (Ed.), Ethics and research with children a case-based approach (pp. 29–45). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects. (1977). Research involving children: Report and recommendations. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (DHEW Pub. No. (OS)77-0004, DHEW Pub. No. (OS) 77-0005).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. (2005). Justice, lead, and environmental research involving children. In E. Kodish (Ed.), Ethics and research with children: A case-based approach (pp. 161–178). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H., & Nelson, J. (1995). The patient in the family: An ethics of medicine and families. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noddings, N. (2003). Caring: A feminine approach to ethics and moral education. Berkley, MI: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, S. J., & Zawacki, K. (2000). Hereditary colorectal cancer. Nursing Clinics of North America, 35(3), 671–685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ormand, K. (2006). Disclosing genetic research results: Examples from practice. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(6), 30–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patenaude, A. F. (1996). The genetic testing of children for cancer susceptibility: Ethical, legal, and social issues. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14(4), 393–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patenaude, A. F. (2005). Genetic testing for cancer: Psychological approaches for helping families and children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelias, M. K. (2006). Genetic testing of children for adult-onset diseases: Is testing in the child’s best interests? Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 73(3), 605–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quaid, K. A., Jessup, N. M., & Meslin, E. M. (2004). Disclosure of genetic information obtained through research.[see comment]. Genetic Testing, 8(3), 347–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravitsky, V., & Wilfond, B. S. (2006). Disclosing individual genetic results to research participants [see comment]. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(6), 8–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, J. (1999). Regulatory orphans: Juvenile prisoners as transvulnerable research subjects. IRB A Review of Human Subjects Research, 21(2), 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. (2005). Rethinking research ethics.[see comment]. American Journal of Bioethics, 5(1), 7–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. (2006). Why test children for adult-onset genetic diseases? Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 73(3), 609–616.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, W. M. (2002). Attitudes of pediatric residents toward ethical issues associated with genetic testing in children. Pediatrics, 110(2), 360–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. F. (2001). Ethical and policy issues in genetic testing. Pancreatology, 1(6), 576–580.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. F. (2003a). Do healthy children deserve greater protection in medical research? Journal of Pediatrics, 142(2), 108–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. F. (2003b). Responding to the challenge of the children’s health act: An introduction to children in research. Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 24(2), 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. (2005). The ethics of newborn screening diabetes research. In E. Kodish (Ed.), Ethics and research with children: A case-based approach (pp. 123–142). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. F., & Moon, M. R. (2000). Ethical issues in genetic testing of children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(9), 873–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L. F., Newburger, J. W., & Sanders, S. P. (2001). Ethical issues in pediatric trials [see comment]. American Heart Journal, 142(2), 233–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothmier, J. D., Lasley, M. V., & Shapiro, G. G. (2003). Factors influencing parental consent in pediatric clinical research. Pediatrics, 111(5 Pt 1), 1037–1041.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, E. (2003). Going beyond parents and institutional review boards in protecting children involved in non-therapeutic research. Golden State U.L. Review, 33, 251–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, C., Eder, M., Kodish, E., & Siminoff, L. (2006). Altruistic discourse in the informed consent process for childhood cancer clinical trials [see comment]. American Journal of Bioethics, 6(5), 40–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, A. R., Voepel-Lewis, T., & Malviya, S. (2003a). Do they understand? (part I): Parental consent for children participating in clinical anesthesia and surgery research.[see comment]. Anesthesiology, 98(3), 603–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, A. R., Voepel-Lewis, T., & Malviya, S. (2003b). Do they understand? (part II): Assent of children participating in clinical anesthesia and surgery research.[see comment]. Anesthesiology, 98(3), 609–614.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, A. R., Voepel-Lewis, T., & Malviya, S. (2003c). Participation of children in clinical research: Factors that influence a parent’s decision to consent. Anesthesiology, 99(4), 819–825.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tait, A. R., Voepel-Lewis, T., & Malviya, S. (2004). Factors that influence parents’ assessments of the risks and benefits of research involving their children. Pediatrics, 113(4), 727–732.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H. A., & Wilfond, B. S. (2004). Ethical issues in newborn screening research: Lessons from the Wisconsin cystic fibrosis trial. Journal of Pediatrics, 145(3), 292–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tercyak, K. P., Hughes, C., Main, D., Snyder, C., Lynch, J. F., Lynch, H. T., et al. (2001a). Parental communication of BRCA1/2 genetic test results to children. Patient Education & Counseling, 42(3), 213–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tercyak, K. P., Lerman, C., Peshkin, B. N., Hughes, C., Main, D., Isaacs, C., et al. (2001b). Effects of coping style and BRCA1 and BRCA2 test results on anxiety among women participating in genetic counseling and testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk. Health Psychology, 20(3), 217–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tercyak, K. P., Peshkin, B. N., DeMarco, T. A., Brogan, B. M., & Lerman, C. (2002). Parent-child factors and their effect on communicating BRCA1/2 test results to children. Patient Education & Counseling, 47(2), 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tercyak, K. P., Peshkin, B. N., Streisand, R., & Lerman, C. (2001c). Psychological issues among children of hereditary breast cancer gene (BRCA1/2) testing participants. Psycho-Oncology, 10(4), 336–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tigges, B. B. (2003). Parental consent and adolescent risk behavior research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(3), 283–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, J., Bove, C., & Cassidy, D. (2008). Presymptomatic genetic testing of children for neurofibromatosis 2. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 23, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil, J. (2000). Psychosocial genetic counseling. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendler, D., Prasad, K., & Wilfond, B. (2002). Does the current consent process minimize the risks of genetics research? American Journal of Medical Genetics, 113(3), 258–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Twomey, J.G. (2010). Informed Consent and the Protection of Human Subjects in Genomic Research with Children and Families. In: Tercyak, K. (eds) Handbook of Genomics and the Family. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5800-6_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics