Abstract
In 1958, Dr. Denis P. Burkitt reported on a series of 32 children presenting with large malignant tumors of the jaw at Mulago Hospital in Uganda and six other district hospitals. The syndrome was notable for starting in the mandible and often spreading to other jaw quadrants, as well as to the adrenals, kidneys, and liver. No involvement of spleen or lymph nodes was detected in these initial 38 patients. Of note, in that initial report, the histopathology was described as “strongly resembling lymphocytes… [and] in some cases the tumor [resembled] a lymphosarcoma.” Definitive classification of this as a lymphoma would await O’Conor and Davies’ description of these and other cases in 1960.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Br J Surg. 1958;46(197):218–223.
O’Conor GT, Davies JN. Malignant tumors in African children. With special reference to malignant lymphoma. J Pediatr. 1960;56:526–535.
Burkitt D. A “tumour safari” in East and Central Africa. Br J Cancer. 1962;16:379–386.
Kafuko GW, Burkitt DP. Burkitt’s lymphoma and malaria. Int J Cancer. 1970;6(1):1–9.
Pike MC, Morrow RH, Kisuule A, Mafigiri J. Burkitt’s lymphoma and sickle cell trait. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1970;24(1):39–41.
Jerusalem C. Relationship between malaria infection (Plasmodium berghei) and malignant lymphoma in mice. Z Tropenmed Parasitol. 1968;19(1):94–108.
Magrath IT, Sariban E. Clinical features of Burkitt’s lymphoma in the USA. IARC Sci Publ. 1985;60:119–127.
Knowles DM. Molecular pathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1997;14(1):67–82.
Blum KA, Lozanski G, Byrd JC. Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma. Blood. 2004;104(10):3009–3020.
Gong JZ, Stenzel TT, Bennett ER, et al. Burkitt lymphoma arising in organ transplant recipients: a clinicopathologic study of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(6):818–827.
Xicoy B, Ribera JM, Esteve J, et al. Post-transplant Burkitt’s leukemia or lymphoma. Study of five cases treated with specific intensive therapy (PETHEMA ALL-3/97 trial). Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44(9):1541–1543.
Ferry JA. Burkitt’s lymphoma: clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis. Oncologist. 2006;11(4):375–383.
Cortes J, Thomas D, Rios A, et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia. Cancer. 2002;94(5):1492–1499.
Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet. 1964;1(7335):702–703.
Araujo I, Foss HD, Hummel M, et al. Frequent expansion of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infected cells in germinal centres of tonsils from an area with a high incidence of EBV-associated lymphoma. J Pathol. 1999;187(3):326–330.
Klumb CE, Hassan R, De Oliveira DE, et al. Geographic variation in Epstein–Barr virus-associated Burkitt’s lymphoma in children from Brazil. Int J Cancer. 2004;108(1):66–70.
Anwar N, Kingma DW, Bloch AR, et al. The investigation of Epstein–Barr viral sequences in 41 cases of Burkitt’s lymphoma from Egypt: epidemiologic correlations. Cancer. 1995;76(7):1245–1252.
Powles T, Matthews G, Bower M. AIDS related systemic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76(5):335–341.
Thorley-Lawson DA. Epstein–Barr virus: exploiting the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1(1):75–82.
Rickinson A, Kieff E. Epstein–Barr virus. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2001:2576–2615.
Tao Q, Robertson KD, Manns A, Hildesheim A, Ambinder RF. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma: molecular analysis of primary tumor tissue. Blood. 1998;91(4):1373–1381.
Kelly G, Bell A, Rickinson A. Epstein–Barr virus-associated Burkitt lymphomagenesis selects for downregulation of the nuclear antigen EBNA2. Nat Med. 2002;8(10):1098–1104.
Young LS, Rickinson AB. Epstein–Barr virus: 40 years on. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(10):757–768.
Yates JL, Warren N, Sugden B. Stable replication of plasmids derived from Epstein–Barr virus in various mammalian cells. Nature. 1985;313(6005):812–815.
Frisan T, Zhang QJ, Levitskaya J, Coram M, Kurilla MG, Masucci MG. Defective presentation of MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Int J Cancer. 1996;68(2):251–258.
Kennedy G, Komano J, Sugden B. Epstein–Barr virus provides a survival factor to Burkitt’s lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(24):14269–14274.
Kiss C, Nishikawa J, Takada K, Trivedi P, Klein G, Szekely L. T cell leukemia I oncogene expression depends on the presence of Epstein–Barr virus in the virus-carrying Burkitt lymphoma lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(8):4813–4818.
Komano J, Maruo S, Kurozumi K, Oda T, Takada K. Oncogenic role of Epstein–Barr virus-encoded RNAs in Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line Akata. J Virol. 1999;73(12):9827–9831.
Ruf IK, Rhyne PW, Yang C, Cleveland JL, Sample JT. Epstein–Barr virus small RNAs potentiate tumorigenicity of Burkitt lymphoma cells independently of an effect on apoptosis. J Virol. 2000;74(21):10223–10228.
Nanbo A, Yoshiyama H, Takada K. Epstein–Barr virus-encoded poly(A)-RNA confers resistance to apoptosis mediated through Fas by blocking the PKR pathway in human epithelial intestine 407 cells. J Virol. 2005;79(19):12280–12285.
Sharp TV, Schwemmle M, Jeffrey I, et al. Comparative analysis of the regulation of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by Epstein–Barr virus RNAs EBER-1 and EBER-2 and adenovirus VAI RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993;21(19):4483–4490.
Kitagawa N, Goto M, Kurozumi K, et al. Epstein–Barr virus-encoded poly(A)-RNA supports Burkitt’s lymphoma growth through interleukin-10 induction. Embo J. 2000;19(24):6742–6750.
Polack A, Hortnagel K, Pajic A, et al. c-myc activation renders proliferation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cells independent of EBV nuclear antigen 2 and latent membrane protein 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(19):10411–10416.
Speck SH. EBV framed in Burkitt lymphoma. Nat Med. 2002;8(10):1086–1087.
Kelly GL, Milner AE, Baldwin GS, Bell AI, Rickinson AB. Three restricted forms of Epstein–Barr virus latency counteracting apoptosis in c-myc-expressing Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(40):14935–14940.
Brady G, MacArthur GJ, Farrell PJ. Epstein–Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(12):1397–1402.
Donati D, Mok B, Chene A, et al. Increased B cell survival and preferential activation of the memory compartment by a malaria polyclonal B cell activator. J Immunol. 2006;177(5):3035–3044.
Masood R, Zhang Y, Bond MW, et al. Interleukin-10 is an autocrine growth factor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 1995;85(12):3423–3430.
Boshoff C, Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(5):373–382.
Nakajima K, Martinez-Maza O, Hirano T, et al. Induction of IL-6 (B cell stimulatory factor-2/IFN-beta 2) production by HIV. J Immunol. 1989;142(2):531–536.
Manolov G, Manolova Y. Marker band in one chromosome 14 from Burkitt lymphomas. Nature. 1972;237(5349):33–34.
Zech L, Haglund U, Nilsson K, Klein G. Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Int J Cancer. 1976;17(1):47–56.
Dalla-Favera R, Bregni M, Erikson J, Patterson D, Gallo RC, Croce CM. Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(24):7824–7827.
Taub R, Kirsch I, Morton C, et al. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(24):7837–7841.
Kovalchuk AL, Qi CF, Torrey TA, et al. Burkitt lymphoma in the mouse. J Exp Med. 2000;192(8):1183–1190.
Li Z, Van Calcar S, Qu C, Cavenee WK, Zhang MQ, Ren B. A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(14):8164–8169.
Bench AJ, Erber WN, Follows GA, Scott MA. Molecular genetic analysis of haematological malignancies II: Mature lymphoid neoplasms. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007;29(4):229-260.
Yustein JT, Dang CV. Biology and treatment of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(4):375–381.
Neri A, Barriga F, Knowles DM, Magrath IT, Dalla-Favera R. Different regions of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus are involved in chromosomal translocations in distinct pathogenetic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(8):2748–2752.
Pelicci PG, Knowles DM 2nd, Magrath I, Dalla-Favera R. Chromosomal breakpoints and structural alterations of the c-myc locus differ in endemic and sporadic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(9):2984–2988.
Shiramizu B, Barriga F, Neequaye J, et al. Patterns of chromosomal breakpoint locations in Burkitt’s lymphoma: relevance to geography and Epstein–Barr virus association. Blood. 1991;77(7):1516–1526.
Guikema JE, Schuuring E, Kluin PM. Structure and consequences of IGH switch breakpoints in Burkitt lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2008;39:32–36.
Goossens T, Klein U, Kuppers R. Frequent occurrence of deletions and duplications during somatic hypermutation: implications for oncogene translocations and heavy chain disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(5):2463–2468.
Isobe K, Tamaru J, Nakamura S, Harigaya K, Mikata A, Ito H. VH gene analysis in sporadic Burkitt’s lymphoma: somatic mutation and intraclonal diversity with special reference to the tumor cells involving germinal center. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(1):159–164.
Chapman CJ, Wright D, Stevenson FK. Insight into Burkitt’s lymphoma from immunoglobulin variable region gene analysis. Leuk Lymphoma. 1998;30(3–4):257–267.
Dang CV, O’Donnell KA, Juopperi T. The great MYC escape in tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell. 2005;8(3):177–178.
Sander S, Bullinger L, Klapproth K, et al. MYC stimulates EZH2 expression by repression of its negative regulator miR-26a. Blood. 2008;112:4202–4212.
Leucci E, Cocco M, Onnis A, et al. MYC translocation-negative classical Burkitt lymphoma cases: an alternative pathogenetic mechanism involving miRNA deregulation. J Pathol. 2008;216(14):440–450.
Dave SS, Fu K, Wright GW, et al. Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2431–2442.
Hummel M, Bentink S, Berger H, et al. A biologic definition of Burkitt’s lymphoma from transcriptional and genomic profiling. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2419–2430.
Hoang AT, Lutterbach B, Lewis BC, et al. A link between increased transforming activity of lymphoma-derived MYC mutant alleles, their defective regulation by p107, and altered phosphorylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Mol Cell Biol. 1995;15(8):4031–4042.
Henriksson M, Bakardjiev A, Klein G, Luscher B. Phosphorylation sites mapping in the N-terminal domain of c-myc modulate its transforming potential. Oncogene. 1993;8(12):3199–3209.
Hemann MT, Bric A, Teruya-Feldstein J, et al. Evasion of the p53 tumour surveillance network by tumour-derived MYC mutants. Nature. 2005;436(7052):807–811.
Salghetti SE, Kim SY, Tansey WP. Destruction of Myc by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: cancer-associated and transforming mutations stabilize Myc. Embo J. 1999;18(3):717–726.
Rainio EM, Ahlfors H, Carter KL, et al. Pim kinases are upregulated during Epstein–Barr virus infection and enhance EBNA2 activity. Virology. 2005;333(2):201–206.
Ionov Y, Le X, Tunquist BJ, et al. Pim-1 protein kinase is nuclear in Burkitt’s lymphoma: nuclear localization is necessary for its biologic effects. Anticancer Res. 2003;23(1):167–178.
Lindstrom MS, Klangby U, Wiman KG. p14ARF homozygous deletion or MDM2 overexpression in Burkitt lymphoma lines carrying wild type p53. Oncogene. 2001;20(17):2171–2177.
Gaidano G, Ballerini P, Gong JZ, et al. p53 mutations in human lymphoid malignancies: association with Burkitt lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88(12):5413–5417.
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Gaidano G, et al. AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma. Morphologic and immunophenotypic study of biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103(5):561–567.
Veronese ML, Ohta M, Finan J, Nowell PC, Croce CM. Detection of myc translocations in lymphoma cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization with yeast artificial chromosomes. Blood. 1995;85(8):2132–2138.
Hecht JL, Aster JC. Molecular biology of Burkitt’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(21):3707–3721.
zur Stadt U, Hoser G, Reiter A, Welte K, Sykora KW. Application of long PCR to detect t(8;14)(q24;q32) translocations in childhood Burkitt’s lymphoma and B-ALL. Ann Oncol. 1997;8(suppl 1):31–35.
Basso K, Frascella E, Zanesco L, Rosolen A. Improved long-distance polymerase chain reaction for the detection of t(8;14)(q24;q32) in Burkitt’s lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(5):1479–1485.
Akasaka T, Muramatsu M, Ohno H, et al. Application of long-distance polymerase chain reaction to detection of junctional sequences created by chromosomal translocation in mature B-cell neoplasms. Blood. 1996;88(3):985–994.
Mussolin L, Basso K, Pillon M, et al. Prospective analysis of minimal bone marrow infiltration in pediatric Burkitt’s lymphomas by long-distance polymerase chain reaction for t(8;14)(q24;q32). Leukemia. 2003;17(3):585–589.
Shiramizu B, Magrath I. Localization of breakpoints by polymerase chain reactions in Burkitt’s lymphoma with 8;14 translocations. Blood. 1990;75(9):1848–1852.
Mossafa H, Damotte D, Jenabian A, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas with Burkitt-like cells are associated with c-Myc amplification and poor prognosis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(9):1885–1893.
Harris NL, Horning SJ. Burkitt’s lymphoma – the message from microarrays. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2495-2498.
Magrath I, Adde M, Shad A, et al. Adults and children with small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma have a similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):925–934.
Lacasce A, Howard O, Lib S, et al. Modified magrath regimens for adults with Burkitt and Burkitt-like lymphomas: preserved efficacy with decreased toxicity. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004;45(4):761–767.
Thomas DA, Cortes J, O’Brien S, et al. Hyper-CVAD program in Burkitt’s-type adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8):2461–2470.
van Imhoff GW, van der Holt B, MacKenzie MA, et al. Short intensive sequential therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in adult Burkitt, Burkitt-like and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Leukemia. 2005;19(6):945–952.
Sweetenham JW, Pearce R, Taghipour G, Blaise D, Gisselbrecht C, Goldstone AH. Adult Burkitt’s and Burkitt-like non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma – outcome for patients treated with high-dose therapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in first remission or at relapse: results from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(9):2465–2472.
Peniket AJ, Ruiz de Elvira MC, Taghipour G, et al. An EBMT registry matched study of allogeneic stem cell transplants for lymphoma: allogeneic transplantation is associated with a lower relapse rate but a higher procedure-related mortality rate than autologous transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31(8):667–678.
Thomas DA, Faderl S, O’Brien S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006;106(7):1569–1580.
Boue F, Gabarre J, Gisselbrecht C, et al. Phase II trial of CHOP plus rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(25):4123–4128.
Fayad L, Thomas D, Romaguera J. Update of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with hyper-CVAD and rituximab for the treatment of mantle cell and Burkitt-type lymphomas. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2007;8(suppl 2):S57–S62.
Carnahan J, Stein R, Qu Z, et al. Epratuzumab, a CD22-targeting recombinant humanized antibody with a different mode of action from rituximab. Mol Immunol. 2007;44(6):1331–1341.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mosse, C., Weck, K. (2010). The Molecular Pathology of Burkitt Lymphoma. In: Dunphy, C. (eds) Molecular Pathology of Hematolymphoid Diseases. Molecular Pathology Library, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5698-9_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5698-9_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5697-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5698-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)