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Stress Proof the Heart pp 139–166Cite as

Anxiety and Depression: Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for around 16.7 million deaths each year, mainly from heart attacks and strokes. Furthermore, this number is predicted to increase to approximately 25 million deaths by 2020 if current trends continue. Yet fatalities represent only the tip of the iceberg; the greater burden of cardiovascular disease, affecting an estimated 128 million people, is attributable to nonfatal cardiovascular events and their long-term consequences. Though there are well-accepted national guidelines for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiac illness, far less attention has been paid to the impact of psychological risk factors on cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, there is compelling evidence that psychological risk factors confer equal and, in some cases, greater risk than other traditional clinical risk factors (Kubzansky & Kawachi, 2000; Rozanski, Blumenthal, & Kaplan, 1999).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy

    Angelo Compare Ph.D.

  2. Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Riccardo Proietti M.D.

  3. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milano, Italy

    Elena Germani Psy.D.

  4. Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA

    David Janeway M.D.

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  1. Angelo Compare Ph.D.
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  2. Riccardo Proietti M.D.
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  3. Elena Germani Psy.D.
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  4. David Janeway M.D.
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  1. Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Seymour Street 80, Hartford, 06102, Connecticut, USA

    Ellen A. Dornelas

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Compare, A., Proietti, R., Germani, E., Janeway, D. (2012). Anxiety and Depression: Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. In: Dornelas, E.A. (eds) Stress Proof the Heart. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5650-7_8

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