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Investigating Fear of Crime

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Putting Fear of Crime on the Map

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Evidence-Based Crime Policy ((SSEBCP))

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Abstract

This chapter reviews the literature on how fear of crime is defined and investigated with an aim to informing a spatial approach to the issue. It begins with an overview of how, or indeed whether, researchers define fear of crime, and covers some of the conceptual confusion that can arise from different approaches. Also discussed are the different elements of the term ‘fear of crime’ – how the ‘fear’ in ‘fear of crime’ is generally seen by researchers as either an emotional reaction or a cognitive assessment, how fear is distinct from other emotions and why this distinction is important. It is also evident that the ‘crime’ in ‘fear of crime’ is subject to contention and that measurement varies relative to the definition of crime that is adopted. An interim synopsis outlines the lack of methodological consistency that dominates the field in terms of approaches to measuring fear of crime. The chapter then covers the three major approaches used by criminologists studying fear of crime – namely cognitive, affective and behavioural measures – and how each approach can change the operational definition of fear of crime. The concluding section provides a justification for behavioural research and the potential contribution of using GIS as a means of ‘putting fear on the map’.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Formless fear is a non-specific anxiety (Friedberg and R.a.F. Inc, 1983).

  2. 2.

    Concrete fear is the fear of becoming the victim of a specific crime (Friedberg and R.a.F. Inc, 1983).

  3. 3.

    However, there are many more approaches to defining crime (see Vold et al., 2002; Walsh and Poole, 1983; White and Haines, 2004).

  4. 4.

    (Oc and Tiesdell, 1997) emphasize that the definition of crime reflects the social and political processes whereby certain actions are subjected to criminalization. As crime is dependent on those with the power to label, it can be used to censure certain groups of people. The legal definition of acceptable behaviour can be modified should public concern be acknowledged – for example the introduction of bylaws outlawing the consumption of alcohol in public spaces.

  5. 5.

    Spatial choice is a function of knowledge of one’s location, what is likely to occur, whether it will be good or bad and possible courses of action (Nasar and Jones, 1997).

  6. 6.

    Spatial behaviour is ‘any form of human behaviour that involves or exhibits an interaction between the individual and one or more points in space’ (Louviere, 1976).

  7. 7.

    In 1976, Milgram and Jodelet also mapped perceived areas of danger in Paris (Nasar, 1998). Also, in 1977 Duncan (1997) mapped New York’s feared neighbourhoods (Oc and Tiesdell, 1997).

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  1. Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    Bruce J. Doran & Melissa B. Burgess

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  1. Bruce J. Doran
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Doran, B.J., Burgess, M.B. (2012). Investigating Fear of Crime. In: Putting Fear of Crime on the Map. Springer Series on Evidence-Based Crime Policy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5647-7_5

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