Abstract
Ticks are blood feeding parasites transmitting a wide variety of pathogens to their vertebrate hosts. The transmitted pathogens apparently evolved efficient mechanisms enabling them to evade or withstand the cellular or humoral immune responses within the tick vector. Despite its importance, our knowledge of tick innate immunity still lags far beyond other well established invertebrate models, such as drosophila, horseshoe crab or mosquitoes. However, the recent release of the American deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, genome and feasibility of functional analysis based on RNA interference (RNAi) facilitate the development of this organism as a full-value model for deeper studies of vector-pathogen interactions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ariki S, Takahara S, Shibata T et al (2008) Factor C acts as a lipopolysaccharide-responsive C3 convertase in horseshoe crab complement activation. J Immunol 181:7994–8001
Armstrong PB (2010) Role of α2-macroglobulin in the immune response of invertebrates. Invert Surviv J 7:165–180
Barker SC, Murell A (2008) Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names. In: Bowman AS, Nuttall PA (eds) Ticks: biology, disease and control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, pp 1–39
Baxter RH, Chang CI, Chelliah Y et al (2007) Structural basis for conserved complement factor-like function in the antimalarial protein TEP1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:11615–11620
Bell-Sakyi L, Zweygarth E, Blouin EF et al (2007) Tick cell lines: tools for tick and tick-borne disease research. Trends Parasitol 23:450–457
Bishop R, Musoke A, Skilton R (2008) Theileria: life cycle stages associated with the ixodid tick vector. In: Bowman AS, Nuttall PA (eds) Ticks: biology, disease and control. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 308–324
Blandin S, Levashina EA (2004) Thioester-containing proteins and insect immunity. Mol Immunol 40:903–908
Blandin S, Shiao SH, Moita LF et al (2004) Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Cell 116:661–670
Blandin SA, Marois E, Levashina EA (2008) Antimalarial responses in Anopheles gambiae: from a complement-like protein to a complement-like pathway. Cell Host Microbe 3:364–374
Blouin EF, de la Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC et al (2002) Applications of a cell culture system for studying the interaction of Anaplasma marginale with tick cells. Anim Health Res Rev 3:57–68
Borovickova B, Hypsa V (2005) Ontogeny of tick hemocytes: a comparative analysis of Ixodes ricinus and Ornithodoros moubata. Exp Appl Acarol 35:317–333
Buresova V (2009) Function of the α2-macroglobulin protein family in the immune response of the tick Ixodes ricinus [Ph.D.]. Ceske Budejovice. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia
Buresova V, Franta Z, Kopacek P (2006) A comparison of Chryseobacterium indologenes pathogenicity to the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata and hard tickIxodes ricinus. J Invertebr Pathol 93:96–104
Buresova V, Hajdusek O, Franta Z et al (2009) IrAM-An alpha2-macroglobulin from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus: characterization and function in phagocytosis of a potential pathogen Chryseobacterium indologenes. Dev Comp Immunol 33:489–498
Chauvin A, Moreau E, Bonnet S et al (2009) Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission. Vet Res 40:37
Coleman JL, Gebbia JA, Piesman J (1997) Plasminogen is required for efficient dissemination of B. burgdorferi in ticks and for enhancement of spirochetemia in mice. Cell 89:1111–1119
de la Fuente J, Kocan KM, Almazan C et al (2007) RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks. Trends Parasitol 23:427–433
de la Fuente J, Estrada-Pena A, Venzal JM et al (2008a) Overview: ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Front Biosci 13:6938–6946
de la Fuente J, Kocan KM, Almazan C et al (2008b) Targeting the tick-pathogen interface for novel control strategies. Front Biosci 13:6947–6956
de Silva AM, Tyson KR, Pal U (2009) Molecular characterization of the tick-Borrelia interface. Front Biosci 14:3051–3063
Doan N, Gettins PG (2007) Human alpha2-macroglobulin is composed of multiple domains, as predicted by homology with complement component C3. Biochem J 407:23–30
Dodds AW, Day AJ (1996) Complement-related proteins in invertebrates. In: Soderhall K, Iwanaga S, Vasta GR (eds) New directions in invertebrate immunology. SOS Publications, Fair Haven, pp 303–342
Endo Y, Takahashi M, Fujita T (2006) Lectin complement system and pattern recognition. Immunobiology 211:283–293
Ferrandon D, Imler JL, Hetru C et al (2007) The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 7:862–874
Francischetti IM, Sa-Nunes A, Mans BJ et al (2009) The role of saliva in tick feeding. Front Biosci 14:2051–2088
Gokudan S, Muta T, Tsuda R et al (1999) Horseshoe crab acetyl group-recognizing lectins involved in innate immunity are structurally related to fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10086–10091
Grubhoffer L, Rego ROM, Hajdušek O et al (2008) Tick lectins and fibrinogen-related proteins. In: Bowman AS, Nuttall PA (eds) Ticks: biology, disease and control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, pp 127–142
Hovius JW, van Dam AP, Fikrig E (2007) Tick-host-pathogen interactions in Lyme borreliosis. Trends Parasitol 23:434–438
Inoue N, Hanada K, Tsuji N et al (2001) Characterization of phagocytic hemocytes in Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 38:514–519
Iwanaga S, Lee BL (2005) Recent advances in the innate immunity of invertebrate animals. J Biochem Mol Biol 38:128–150
Janssen BJ, Huizinga EG, Raaijmakers HC et al (2005) Structures of complement component C3 provide insights into the function and evolution of immunity. Nature 437:505–511
Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks. Parasitology 129(Suppl):S3–14
Kawabata S, Tsuda R (2002) Molecular basis of non-self recognition by the horseshoe crab tachylectins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1572:414–421
Kawabata S, Koshiba T, Shibata T (2009) The lipopolysaccharide-activated innate immune response network of the horseshoe crab. Invert Surviv J 6:59–77
Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Blouin EF (2008) Advances toward understanding the molecular biology of the Anaplasma-tick interface. Front Biosci 13:7032–7045
Kopacek P, Weise C, Saravanan T et al (2000) Characterization of an alpha-macroglobulin-like glycoprotein isolated from the plasma of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. Eur J Biochem 267:465–475
Kopacek P, Hajdusek O, Buresova V et al (2010) Tick innate immunity. In: Soderhall K (ed) Invertebrate immunity. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science + Business Media, New York, pp 137–162
Kovar V, Kopacek P, Grubhoffer L (2000) Isolation and characterization of Dorin M, a lectin from plasma of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 30:195–205
Kuhn KH, Haug T (1994) Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical characterization of hemocytes of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari Chelicerata). Cell Tissue Res 277:493–504
Lehane MJ, Aksoy S, Levashina E (2004) Immune responses and parasite transmission in blood-feeding insects. Trends Parasitol 20:433–439
Levashina EA, Moita LF, Blandin S et al (2001) Conserved role of a complement-like protein in phagocytosis revealed by dsRNA knockout in cultured cells of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Cell 104:709–718
Loosova G, Jindrak L, Kopacek P (2001) Mortality caused by experimental infection with the yeast Candida haemulonii in the adults of Ornithodoros moubata (Acarina: Argasidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 48:149–153
Man P, Kovar V, Sterba J et al (2008) Deciphering Dorin M glycosylation by mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng) 14:345–354
Mattila JT, Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ (2007) Phagocytosis of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, by cells from the ticks, Ixodes scapularis and Dermacentor andersoni, infected with an endosymbiont, Rickettsia peacockii. J Insect Sci 7(58):1–12
Moita LF, Wang-Sattler R, Michel K et al (2005) In vivo identification of novel regulators and conserved pathways of phagocytosis in A. gambiae. Immunity 23:65–73
Nava S, Guglielmone AA, Mangold AJ (2009) An overview of systematics and evolution of ticks. Front Biosci 14:2857–2877
Nene V (2009) Tick genomics–coming of age. Front Biosci 14:2666–2673
Nonaka M, Kimura A (2006) Genomic view of the evolution of the complement system. Immunogenetics 58:701–713
Osta MA, Christophides GK, Vlachou D et al (2004) Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: comparative and functional genomics. J Exp Biol 207:2551–2563
Pereira LS, Oliveira PL, Barja-Fidalgo C et al (2001) Production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Exp Parasitol 99:66–72
Rego RO, Hajdusek O, Kovar V et al (2005) Molecular cloning and comparative analysis of fibrinogen-related proteins from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata and the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 35:991–1004
Rego RO, Kovar V, Kopacek P et al (2006) The tick plasma lectin, Dorin M, is a fibrinogen-related molecule. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36:291–299
Ricklin D, Hajishengallis G, Yang K et al (2010) Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 11:785–797
Rittig MG, Kuhn KH, Dechant CA et al (1996) Phagocytes from both vertebrate and invertebrate species use “coiling” phagocytosis. Dev Comp Immunol 20:393–406
Saravanan T, Weise C, Sojka D et al (2003) Molecular cloning, structure and bait region splice variants of alpha2-macroglobulin from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33:841–851
Sonenshine DE (1991) Biology of ticks, vol 1. Oxford University Press, New York
Sonenshine DE, Hynes WL (2008) Molecular characterization and related aspects of the innate immune response in ticks. Front Biosci 13:7046–7063
Stroschein-Stevenson SL, Foley E, O’Farrell PH et al (2006) Identification of Drosophilagene products required for phagocytosis of Candida albicans. PLoS Biol 4:e4
Zhu Y, Thangamani S, Ho B et al (2005) The ancient origin of the complement system. EMBO J 24:382–394
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grant P506/110/2136 to P.K. from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, the Research Centre LC06009 and Research projects Z60220518 and MSMT6007665801 from Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kopacek, P., Hajdusek, O., Buresova, V. (2012). Tick as a Model for the Study of a Primitive Complement System. In: Mylonakis, E., Ausubel, F., Gilmore, M., Casadevall, A. (eds) Recent Advances on Model Hosts. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 710. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5638-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5638-5_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5637-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5638-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)