Abstract
Discrimination against gay and lesbian Americans is a social pathology that extends back to the colonial era, with the arrival to America of the first dominant-group white heterosexual Europeans [1]. While gay and lesbian Americans were much less vocal in the past, the ability of white, heterosexual Europeans to impose their norms upon the gay and lesbian victim-group population was long lasting and not without consequences. For modern gay and lesbian Americans, the legacies of those norms exist as victimism in various forms of discrimination directed particularly at dark-skinned and/or African-descended Americans without respect to gender, class, or sexual orientation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Montalvo, F. (1987). Skin color and Latinos: The origins and contemporary patterns of ethnoracial ambiguity among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans (monograph), San Antonio, TX: Our Lady of the Lake University.
Harrison, D., & Pennel, R. (1989). Contemporary sex roles for adolescents: new options or confusion. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 8(1), 27–45.
Martin, A., & Hetrick, E. (1988). The stigmatization of the gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 15(1/2), 163–181.
Hall, R. (2003). Discrimination among oppressed populations. Lewiston, NY: Mellen.
Pierce, C. (1978). Entitlement dysfunctions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 215–219.
Kochman, T. (1976). Perceptions along the power axis: a cognitive residue of interracial encounters. Anthropological Linguistics, 18(6), 261–273.
Monroe, I. (2009). Gay is not the new black. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/irene-monroe/gay-is-emnotem-the-new-bl_b_151573.html. Accessed 4 April 2009.
Tat, H. (2009). Racism in gay culture. http://www.tatmultimedia.com/Websites/Journal/. Accessed 7 April 2009.
Kitano, H. (1985). Race relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Loiacano, D. (1989). Gay identity issues among black Americans: racism, homophobia and the need for validation. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 21–25.
Harry, H. (1993). Being out: a general model. Journal of Homosexuality, 26(1), 25–39.
Condry, J. (1984). Gender identity and social competence. Sex Roles, 2(5/6), 485–511.
Troiden, R., & Goode, E. (1980). Variables related to the acquisition of a gay identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 5(4), 383–392.
MacDonald, G. (1983). Exploring sexual identity: gay people and their families. Sex Education Coalition News, 5(1), 4.
Savin-Williams, R. (1989). Coming out to parents and self esteem among gay and lesbian youths. Journal of Homosexuality, 18(1/2), 1–35.
Gibson, P. (1989). Gay male and lesbian youth suicide. In US Department of Health and Human Services Report of the Secretary’s task force on youth suicide: prevention and interventions in youth suicide. Vol. 3. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
Remafedi, G., Farrow, J., & Deisher, R. (1991). Risk factors in attempted suicide in gay and lesbian youth. Pediatrics, 87(6), 869–876.
Marsiglio, W. (1993). Attitudes toward homosexual activist and gays as friends: a national survey of heterosexual 15–19-year-old heterosexual males. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 12–17.
Bell, A., Wienberg, M., & Hammersmith, S. (1981). Sexual preference: its development in men and women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Hetrick, E., & Martin, A. (1987). Developmental issues and their resolution for gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 2(1/2), 25–43.
Hetrick, E., & Martin, A. (1987). Developmental issues and their resolution for gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 2(1/2), 25–43.
Cass, V. (1979). Homosexual identity formation: a theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4(3), 219–235.
Maylon, A. K.(1981). The homosexual adolescent: developmental issues and social bias. Child Welfare, 15(5), 321–330.
Newman, B., & Muzzonigro, P. (1993). The effects of traditional family values on the coming out process of gay male adolescents. Adolescence, 28(109), 213–226.
Schram, M. (1990, May). The making of Willie Horton. New Republic, 202, 17–19.
Carlson, M. (1990, January 22). Presumed innocent. Time, 10–14.
Zarrella, J. (2006). Boot camp death not natural, second autopsy finds. http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/03/14/bootcamp.death/. Accessed 13 May 2009.
Harrison, P., & Beck, A. (2005). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2004. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, (NCJ208801), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1–14.
Grasha, K. (2006). Lutz to undergo mental testing. Lansing State Journal, 1A.
Mason, P. (1998). Race, cognitive ability, and wage inequality. Challenge, 41(3), 63–84.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2002). Washington, DC. Available at http://www.bls.gov/opub/. Accessed 26 June 2009.
Herrnstein, R., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve. New York: Free Press.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2007). Hate crime statistics. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2007/incidents.htm. Accessed 8 April 2009.
Tat, H. (2009). Racism in gay culture. http://www.tatmultimedia.com/Websites/Journal/ Accessed 7 April 2009.
Hall, R. (2006). The bleaching syndrome among people of color: implications of skin color for human behavior in the social environment. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 13(3), 19–31.
Monroe, I. (2009). Gay is not the new black. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/irene-monroe/gay-is-emnotem-the-new-bl_b_151573.html Accessed 4 April 2009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hall, R.E. (2010). Gay and Lesbian Americans: Oppression by the Oppressed. In: An Historical Analysis of Skin Color Discrimination in America. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5505-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5505-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5504-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5505-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)