Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bleeding Hemorrhoids

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gastrointestinal Bleeding

  • 1372 Accesses

Abstract

Hemorrhoids are formed when fibromuscular cushions normally lining the anal canal become pathologically engorged leading to symptoms of bleeding, pruritis, and pain. These cushions serve to aid with control of continence and evacuation of formed stool without mucosal injury [1]. They are classically located in three positions: right anterior, right posterior, and left lateral [2]. There are two classes of hemorrhoids that can cause significant symptoms: internal and external, divided based on their position relative to the dentate line (Fig. 1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gearhart SL. Symptomatic hemorrhoids. Dis Mon 2004;50:603–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Beck DE. Benign anal, rectal and perineal problems. In ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice. Lewiston: BC Decker, Inc.; 2007, Section 5, Chapter 17.

  3. Nelson H and Cima R. Anus. In CM Townsend (ed.), Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 18th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2008, p. 494.

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement. Diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1461–1462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Nelson H. Diseases of the rectum and anus. In L Goldman (ed.), Cecil Medicine, 23rd edn. St. Louis: WB Saunders; 2008, Section XII, Chapter 148.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hull T. Diseases of the anorectum. In M Feldman (ed.), Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 8th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2006, p. 2837.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Moesgaard F, Nielsen MC, Hansen JB and Knudsen JT. High fiber diet reduces bleeding and pain in patients with hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1982;25:454–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Su MY, Chiu CT, Wu CS, et al. Endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:871–874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. MacRae HM and McLeod RS. Comparison of hemorrhoidal treatments: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg 1997;40:14–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fukuda A, Kajiyama T, Arakawa H, et al. Retroflexed endoscopic multiple band ligation of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:380–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Law WI and Chu KW. Triple rubber band ligation for hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized trial of use of local anesthetic injection. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:363–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu J, Petersen BT, Tierney WM, Chuttani R, DiSario JA, Coffie J, Mishkin DS, Shah RJ, Somogyi L and Song LMW. Endoscopic banding devices. Gastrointest Endos 2008;68:217–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bat L, Melzer E, Koler M, Dreznick Z and Shemesh E. Complications of rubber band ligation of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:287–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Randall FM, Jensen DM, Machicado GA, Hirabayashi K, Jensen ME, You S and Pelayo E. Prospective randomized comparative study of bipolar versus direct current electrocoagulation for treatment of bleeding internal hemorrhoids. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:403–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Oh C. Problems of cryohemorrhoidectomy. Cryobiology 1982;19:283–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bronstein M, Issa N, Gutman M and Neufeld D. Ligation under vision of haemorrhoidal cushions for therapy of bleeding haemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 2008;12:119–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Felice G, Privitera A, Ellul E and Klaumann M. Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation: an alternative to hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:2090–2093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Acheson AG and Scholefield JH. Management of haemorrhoids. BMJ 2008;336:380–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Milligan ET, Morgan CN, Jones LE and Officer R. Surgical anatomy of the anal canal and the operative treatment of hemorrhoids. Lancet 1937;2:1119–1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ferguson JA and Heaton JR. Closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1959;2:176–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zaheer S, Reilly WT, Penbetron JH and Ilstrup D. Urinary retention after operations for benign anorectal diseases. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:696–704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Arbman G, Krook H and Haapaniemi S. Closed vs. open hemorrhoidectomy-is there any difference? Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:31–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Guenin MO, Rosenthal R, Kern B, Peterli R, von Flue M and Ackermann C. Long-term results and patient satisfaction after Ferguson’s hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1523–1527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang LT, Wu CC, Hsaio CW, Feng CC and Jao SW. A modified Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy for circumferential prolapsed hemorrhoids with skin tags. ASCRS 2007;51:456–461.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Longo A. Treatment of hemorrhoids disease by reduction of mucosa and hemorrhoidal prolapsed with a circular suturing device: a new procedure. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery, Rome, Italy; 1998 Jun 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Knight JS, Senapati A and Lamparelli MJ. National UK audit of procedure for prolapsing haemorrhoids on behalf of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. Colorect Dis 2007;10:440–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Shao WJ, Li GC, Zhang ZH, Yan BL, Sun GD and Chen YQ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing stapled haemorrhoidopexy with conventional haemorroidectomy. Brit J Surg 2008;95:147–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Singer M and Cintron J. New techniques in the treatment of common perianal diseases: staple hemorrhoidopexy, botulinum toxin, and fibrin sealant. Surg Clin NA 2006;86:937–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Maw A, Kong-Weng E and Seow-Cohen F. Retroperitoneal sepsis complicating stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45(6):826–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Malloy RG and Kingsmore K. Life-threatening pelvic sepsis after stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Lancet 2000;355:810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ho HY, Cheong WK, Tsang C, et al. Staple hemorrhoidectomy: cost and effectiveness. Randomized controlled trial including incontinence scoring, anorectal manometry, and endoanal ultrasound assessments at up to three months. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1666–1675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ceci F, Picchio M, Palimento D, Cali B, Corelli S and Spaziani E. Long-term outcome of stapled hemorrhoidopexy for grade III and grade IV hemorrhoids. ASCRS 2008;51:1107–1112.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Stolfi V, Sileri P, Micossi C, Carbonaro I, Venza M, Gentileschi P, Rossi P, Falchetti A and Gaspari A. Treatment of hemorrhoids in day surgery: stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:795–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cataldo P, Ellis CN, Gregorcyk S, Hyman N, Guie WD, Church J, Cohen J, Fleshner P, Kilkenny J, Ko C, Levien D, Nelson R, Newstead G, Orsay C, Perry WB, Rakinic J, Sellito P, Strong S, Ternent C, Tjandra J and Whiteford M. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised). Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:189–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaidar-Person O, Person B and Wexner SD. Hemorrhoidal disease: a comprehensive review. J Am Coll Surg 2007;204:102–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wehrmann T, Riphaus A, Feinstein J, et al. Hemorrhoidal elastic band ligation with flexible video endoscopes: a prospective, randomized comparison with the conventional technique that uses rigid proctoscopes. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:191–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Su MY, Tung SY, Wu CS, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic hemorrhoidal ligation: two different devices with similar results. Endoscopy 2003;35:416–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Kelley A. Hutcheson M.D. & Danny O. Jacobs

Authors
  1. Kelley A. Hutcheson M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Danny O. Jacobs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Danny O. Jacobs .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Center, Duke University, N. Duke St 3116, Durham , 27704, U.S.A.

    Aurora D. Pryor

  2. Medical Center, Duke University, N. Duke St 3116, Durham , 27704, U.S.A.

    Theodore N. Pappas

  3. Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, 27710, U.S.A.

    Malcolm Stanley Branch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hutcheson, K.A., Jacobs, D.O. (2010). Bleeding Hemorrhoids. In: Pryor, A., Pappas, T., Branch, M. (eds) Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1693-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1693-8_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1692-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1693-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation