Abstract
Animals are frequently confronted with changing environmental conditions (Houston and McNamara 1992; Komers 1997). When they are no longer exposed to the sources of selection that their ancestors once faced, they experience relaxed selection on these sources (Coss 1999). They may still retain behavior that was shaped to cope with the past selective forces, even though it no longer serves a specific function (Blumstein et al. 2000; Rothstein 2001).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abegg C, Thierry B (2002) Macaque evolution and dispersal in insular south-east Asia. Biol J Linn Soc 75:555–576
Barros M, Boere V, Mello EL, Tomaz C (2002) Reactions to potential predators in captive-born marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). Int J Primatol 23:443–454
Beck B, Kleiman DG, Dietz JM, Castro I, Carvalho C, Martins A, Rettberg-Beck B (1991) Losses and reproduction in reintroduced golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia. Dodo J Jersey Wildl Preserv Trust 27:50–61
Berger J, Swenson JE, Persson I (2001) Recolonizing carnivores and naïve prey: conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions. Science 291:1036–1039
Blumstein DT (2006) The multi-predator hypothesis and the evolutionary persistence of antipredator behavior. Ethology 112:209–217
Blumstein DT, Daniel JC, Griffin AS, Evans CS (2000) Insular tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) respond to visual but not acoustic cues from predators. Behav Ecol 11:528–535
Blumstein DT, Daniel JC, Springett BP (2004) A test of the multi-predator hypothesis: rapid loss of antipredator behaviour after 130 years of isolation. Ethology 110:919–934
Blumstein DT, Mari M, Daniel JC, Ardron JG, Griffin AS, Evans CS (2006) Olfactory predator recognition: wallabies may have to learn to be wary. Anim Conserv 5:87–93
Britt A, Welch C, Katzb A (2003) Can small, isolated primate populations be effectively reinforced through the release of individuals from a captive population? Biol Conserv 115:319–327
Brown MM, Kreiter NA, Maple JT, Sinnott JM (1992) Silhouettes elicit alarm calls from captive vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). J Comp Psychol 106:350–359
Buchanan-Smith HM, Anderson DA, Ryan CW (1993) Responses of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) to faecal scents of predators and non-predators. Anim Welf 2:17–32
Caine NG, Weldon PJ (1989) Responses by red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) to fecal scents of predatory and non-predatory neotropical mammals. Biotropica 21:186–189
Chasen FN, Kloss CB (1927) Spolia Mentawiensia - mammals. Proc Zool Soc Lond 53:797–840
Clara E, Tommasi L, Rogers LJ (2008) Social mobbing calls in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): effects of experience and associated cortisol levels. Anim Cogn 11:349–358
Cook M, Mineka S (1989) Observational conditioning of fear to fear-relevant versus fear-irrelevant stimuli in rhesus monkeys. J Abnorm Psychol 98:448–459
Coss RG (1999) Effects of relaxed natural selection on the evolution of behavior. In: Foster SA, Endler JA (eds) Geographic variation in behavior: perspectives in evolutionary mechanisms. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 180–208
Coss RG, Goldthwaite RO (1995) The persistence of old designs for perception. Perspect Ethol 11:83–148
Coss RG, Ramakrishnan U, Schank J (2005) Recognition of partially concealed leopards by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) the role of the spotted coat. Behav Process 68:145–163
Coss RG, McCowan B, Ramakrishnan U (2007) Threat-related acoustical differences in alarm calls by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) elicited by python and leopard models. Ethology 113:352–367
Curio E (1966) How finches react to predators. Animals 9:142–143
Custance DM, Whiten A, Fredman T (2002) Social learning and primate reintroduction. Int J Primat 23:479–499
Davis JE, Parr L, Gouzoules H (2003) Response to naturalistic fear stimuli in captive old world monkeys. Ann NY Acad Sci 1000:91–93
Delson E (1975) Evolutionary history of the Cercopithecidae. Contrib Primatol 5:167–217
Erb WM (2006) Patterns and variation in long-distance communication of simakobu monkeys (Simias concolor) on Siberut Island, Indonesia - a pilot study. Am J Phys Anthropol 129(S42):87
Friant SC, Campbell MW, Snowdon CT (2008) Captive-born cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) respond similarly to vocalizations of predators and sympatric nonpredators. Am J Primatol 70:707–710
Fullard JH, Ratcliffe JM, Soutar AR (2004) Extinction of the acoustic startle response in moths endemic to a bat-free habitat. J Evol Biol 17:856–861
Gil-da-Costa R, Palleroni A, Hauser MD, Touchton J, Kelley JP (2003) Rapid acquisition of an alarm response by a neotropical primate to a newly introduced avian predator. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:605–610
Griffin AS (2004) Social learning about predators: a review and prospectus. Learn Behav 32:131–140
Groves CP (1970) The forgotten leaf-eaters and the phylogeny of Colobinae. In: Napier JP, Napier PR (eds) Old world monkeys. Academic, New York
Gursky S (2003) Predation experiments on infant spectral tarsiers (Tarsius spectrum). Folia Primatol 74:272–284
Hadi S, Zeigler T, Hodges JK (2009) Group structure and physical characteristics of simakobu monkeys (Simias concolor) on the Mentawai Island of Siberut, Indonesia. Folia Primatol 80:74–82
Hayes SL, Snowdon CT (1990) Predator recognition in cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Am J Primatol 20:283–291
Hollén LI, Manser MB (2007) Persistence of alarm-call behaviour in the absence of predators: a comparison between wild and captive-born meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Ethology 113:1038–1047
Houston AI, McNamara JM (1992) Phenotypic plasticity as a state-dependent life-history decision. Evol Ecol 6:243–253
IUCN Redlist (2008) IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 17 Nov 2008
Jaenicke C, Ehrlich A (1972) Effects of animate vs. inanimate stimuli on curiosity behavior in greater galago and slow loris. Primates 23:95–104
Joslin J, Fletcher H, Emlen J (1964) A comparison of the responses to snakes of lab- and wild-reared rhesus monkeys. Anim Behav 12:348–352
Karanth KU, Sunquist ME (1995) Prey selection by tiger, leopard, and dhole in tropical forests. J Anim Ecol 64:439–450
Kelley JL, Magurran AE (2003) Effects of relaxed predation pressure on visual predator recognition in the guppy. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 54:225–232
Komers PE (1997) Behavioural plasticity in variable environments. Can J Zool 75:161–169
Kuehler C, Kuhn M, Kuhn JE, Lieberman A, Harvey N, Rideout B (1996) Artificial incubation, hand-rearing, behavior, and release of Common `Amakihi (Hemignathus virens virens): surrogate research for restoration of endangered Hawaiian forest birds. Zoo Biol 15:541–553
Kullberg C, Lind J (2002) An experimental study of predator recognition in great tit fledglings. Ethology 108:429–441
Levine S, Atha K, Wiener SG (1993) Early experience effects on the development of fear in the squirrel monkey. Behav Neural Biol 60:225–233
Macedonia JM, Young PL (1991) Auditory assessment of avian predator threat in semi-captive ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Primates 32:169–182
McHugh T (2003) In: Hutchins M, Keiman DG, Geist V, McDade MC (eds) Grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia. 2nd edn. vol 12. Gale Group, Farmington Hills, MI, p 22
Messler A, Wund MA, Baker JA, Foster SA (2007) The effects of relaxed and reversed selection by predators on the antipredator behavior of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Ethology 113:953–963
Miller GS (1903) Seventy new Malayan mammals. Smithson Misc Coll 45:1–73
Miller BD, Biggins D, Hanebury L, Vargas A (1994) Reintroduction of black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). In: Olney PJS, Mace GM, Feistner ATC (eds) Creative conservation: interactive management of wild and captive animals. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 45–464
Mineka S, Davidson M, Cook M, Keir R (1984) Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. J Abnorm Psychol 93:355–372
Mittermeier RA, Ratsimbazafy J, Rylands AB, Williamson L, Oates JF, Mbora D, Ganzhorn JU, Rodríguez-Luna E, Palacios E, Heymann EW, Cecília M, Kierulff M, Yongcheng L, Supriatna J, Roos C, Walker S, Aguiar JM (2007) Primates in Peril: the world’s 25 most endangered primates, 2006–2008. Primate Conserv 22:1–40
Moodie EM, Chamove AS (1990) Brief threatening events beneficial for captive tamarins? Zoo Biol 9:275–286
Murray SG, King JE (1973) Snake avoidance in feral and laboratory reared squirrel monkeys. Behaviour 47:281–288
Nelson EE, Shelton SE, Kalin NH (2003) Individual differences in the responses of naïve rhesus monkeys to snakes. Emotion 3:3–11
Öhman A, Mineka S (2001) Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol Rev 108:483–522
Owings DH, Coss RG (1977) Snake mobbing by California ground squirrels: adaptive variation and ontogeny. Behaviour 62:50–68
Owings DH, Morton ES (1998) Animal vocal communication: a new approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Passamani M, Passamani JA (1995) Losses of reintroduced Geoffroy’s marmoset. Australian Primatol 10:12–13
Peckarsky BL, Penton MA (1988) Why do Ephemerella nymphs scorpion posture: a “ghost of predation past?”. Oikos 53:185–193
Pietsch RS (1994) The fate of urban common brushtail possums translocated to sclerophyll forest. In: Serena M (ed) Reintroduction biology of Australian and New Zealand fauna. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia, pp 239–246
Rabinowitz A, Andau P, Chai PPK (1987) The clouded leopard in Malaysian Borneo. Oryx 21:107–111
Ramakrishnan U, Coss RG (2000a) Age differences in the responses to adult and juvenile alarm calls by bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Ethology 106:131–144
Ramakrishnan U, Coss RG (2000b) Recognition of heterospecific alarm vocalizations by bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). J Comp Psychol 114:3–12
Rohling EJ, Fenton M, Jorissen FJ, Bertrand P, Ganssen G, Caulet JP (1998) Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature 394:162–165
Rothstein SI (2001) Relic behaviours, coevolution and the retention versus loss of host defenses after episodes of avian brood parasitism. Anim Behav 61:95–107
Sankar K, Johnsingh AJT (2002) Food habits of tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India, as shown by scat analysis. Mammalia 66:285–289
Seidensticker J (1983) Predation by Panthera cats and measures of human influence in habitats of South Asian monkeys. Int J Primatol 4:323–326
Seyfarth R, Cheney D (1986) Vocal development in vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 34:1640–1658
Short J, Bradshaw SD, Giles J, Prince RIT, Wilson GR (1992) Reintroduction of macropods (Marsupialia: Macropodoiden) in Australia: a review. Biol Cons 62:189–204
Stankowich T, Coss RG (2007) The re-emergence of felid camouflage with the decay of predator recognition in deer under relaxed selection. Proc R Soc B 274:175–182
Støen OG, Wegge P (1996) Prey selection and prey removal by tiger (Panthera tigris) during the dry season in lowland Nepal. Mammalia 60:363–373
Sündermann D, Scheumann M, Zimmermann E (2008) Olfactory predator recognition in predator-naïve gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). J Comp Psychol 122:146–155
Takahashi H (1997) Huddling relationships in night sleeping groups among wild Japanese macaques in Kinkazan Island during winter. Primates 38:57–68
Tenaza RR (1989) Intergroup calls of male pig-tailed langurs (Simias concolor). Primates 30:199–206
Tenaza R, Tilson RL (1985) Human predation and Kloss’s gibbon (Hylobates klossii) sleeping trees in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 8:299–308
Tenaza RR, Fuentes A (1995) Monandrous social organization of pigtailed langurs (Simias concolor) in the Pagai Islands, Indonesia. Int J Primatol 16:295–310
Thapar V (1986) Tiger: portrait of a predator. Facts on File, New York, pp 139–145
Tilson RL (1977) Social-organization of simakobu monkeys (Nasalis concolor) in Siberut Island, Indonesia. J Mammal 58:202–212
van Heezik Y, Seddon PJ, Maloney RF (1999) Helping reintroduced houbara bustards avoid predation: effective anti-predator training and the predictive value of pre-release behaviour. Animal Conserv 2:155–163
van Schaik CP, van Noordwijk MA (1985) Evolutionary effect of the absence of felids on the social organization of the macaques on the island of Simeulue (Macaca fascicularis fusca, Miller 1903). Folia Primatol 44:138–147
Vitale AF, Visalberghi E, De Lillo C (1991) Responses to a snake model in captive crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Int J Primatol 12:277–286
Watanabe K (1981) Variation in group composition and population density of the two sympatric Mentawaian leaf-monkeys. Primates 22:145–160
Whittaker T (2002) In: Sunquist M, Sunquist F (eds) Wild cats of the world (plate 46). University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Whittaker DJ, Ting N, Melnick DJ (2006) Molecular phylogenetic affinities of the simakobu monkey (Simias concolor). Mol Phylogenet Evol 39:887–892
Whitten AJ, Whitten JEJ (1982) Preliminary observations of the Mentawai macaque on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Int J Primatol 3:445–459
Wich SA, Sterck EHM (2003) Possible audience effect in Thomas langurs (Primates; Presbytis thomasi): an experimental study on male loud calls in response to a tiger model. Am J Primatol 60:155–159
Wolf CM, Garland T Jr, Griffith B (1998) Predictors of avian and mammalian translocation success: reanalysis with phylogenetically independent contrast. Biol Conserv 86:243–255
World Wildlife Fund (1980) Saving Siberut: a conservation master plan. World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia
Yorzinski JL, Vehrencamp SL (2008) Preliminary report: antipredator behaviors of mandrills. Primate Rep 75:11–18
Yorzinski JL, Ziegler T (2007) Do naïve primates recognize the vocalizations of felid predators? Ethology 113:1219–1227
Acknowledgments
I thank Thomas Ziegler, Keith Hodges, Christophe Abegg, Muhammad Agil, and Bogor Agricultural University for allowing me to conduct research at SCP, providing logistical support, and offering useful suggestions on the case study. Pak Nauli and Risel were excellent field guides. Daniel Blumstein, Richard Coss, Peter Klopfer, Mark Laidre, Gail Patricelli, Thomas Ziegler, and two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments on this chapter. JLY was funded by a Morley Student Research Grant, a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, and the German Primate Center, Göttingen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yorzinski, J.L. (2010). Predator Recognition in the Absence of Selection. In: Gursky, S., Supriatna, J. (eds) Indonesian Primates. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1559-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1560-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)