Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Earth’s Plasmasphere pp 7–53Cite as

CLUSTER and IMAGE: New Ways to Study the Earth’s Plasmasphere

  • Chapter

Abstract

Ground-based instruments and a number of space missions have contributed to our knowledge of the plasmasphere since its discovery half a century ago, but it is fair to say that many questions have remained unanswered. Recently, NASA’s Image and ESA’s Cluster probes have introduced new observational concepts, thereby providing a non-local view of the plasmasphere. Image carried an extreme ultraviolet imager producing global pictures of the plasmasphere. Its instrumentation also included a radio sounder for remotely sensing the spacecraft environment. The Cluster mission provides observations at four nearby points as the four-spacecraft configuration crosses the outer plasmasphere on every perigee pass, thereby giving an idea of field and plasma gradients and of electric current density. This paper starts with a historical overview of classical single-spacecraft data interpretation, discusses the non-local nature of the Image and Cluster measurements, and emphasizes the importance of the new data interpretation tools that have been developed to extract non-local information from these observations. The paper reviews these innovative techniques and highlights some of them to give an idea of the flavor of these methods. In doing so, it is shown how the non-local perspective opens new avenues for plasmaspheric research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • B. Abel, R.M. Thorne, Electron scattering loss in Earth’s inner magnetosphere. 1. Dominant physical processes. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A2), 2385–2396 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.L. Adrian, D.L. Gallagher, L.A. Avanov, IMAGE EUV observation of radially bifurcated plasmaspheric features: First observations of a possible standing ULF waveform in the inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01203 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Afonin, K.V. Grechnev, V.A. Ershova, O.Z. Rosté, N.F. Smirnova, Y.A. Schul’chishin, Y. Smilauer, Ion composition and temperature of the ionosphere obtained from the Intercosmos 24 satellite (“Aktivnyi” project) at the maximum of the 22nd solar activity cycle. Cosmic Res. 32(2), 189–198 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Afonin, V.S. Bassolo, J. Smilauer, J.F. Lemaire, Motion and erosion of the nightside plasmapause region and of the associated subauroral electron temperature enhancement: Cosmos-900 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A2), 2093–2103 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.C. Anderson, D.L. Carpenter, K. Tsuruda, T. Mukai, F.J. Rich, Multisatellite observations of rapid subauroral ion drifts (SAID). J. Geophys. Res. 106(A12), 29585–29599 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.R. Anderson, CRRES plasma wave observations during quiet times, during geomagnetic disturbances, and during chemical releases, in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas, Noise, and Chaos in Space and in the Laboratory, ed. by H. Kikuchi (Plenum Press, New York, 1994), pp. 73–96

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Balogh, C.M. Carr, M.H. Acuña, M.W. Dunlop, T.J. Beek, P. Brown, K.-H. Fornaçon, E. Georgescu, K.-H. Glassmeier, J. Harris, G. Musmann, T. Oddy, K. Schwingenschuh, The Cluster magnetic field investigation: Overview of in-flight performance and initial results. Ann. Geophys. 19(10), 1207–1217 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Benson, V.A. Osherovich, J. Fainberg, A.F. Vinas, D.R. Ruppert, An interpretation of banded magnetospheric radio emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 106(A7), 13179–13190 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Benson, P.A. Webb, J.L. Green, L. Garcia, B.W. Reinisch, Magnetospheric electron densities inferred from upper-hybrid band emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L20803 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Benson, P.A. Webb, J.L. Green, D.L. Carpenter, V.S. Sonwalkar, H.G. James, B.W. Reinisch, Active wave experiments in space plasmas: The Z mode, in Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation, ed. by J.W. Labelle, R.A. Treumann. Lecture Notes in Physics (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 3–35

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Berchem, C.T. Russell, The thickness of the magnetopause current layer - ISEE 1 and 2 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A4), 2108–2114 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Bezrukikh, Results of the measurements of the concentration of charged particles in the plasma cloud of the Earth carried out on board of Elektron 2 and Elektron 4. Kosm. Issled. 8, 273–277 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Bezrukikh, K.I. Gringauz, The hot zone in the outer plasmasphere of the Earth. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 38, 1085–1091 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Bortnik, U.S. Inan, T.F. Bell, Frequency-time spectra of magnetospherically reflecting whistlers in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A1), 1030 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.C. Brandt, D.G. Mitchell, Y. Ebihara, B.R. Sandel, E.C. Roelof, J.L. Burch, R. Demajistre, Global IMAGE/HENA observations of the ring current: Examples of rapid response to IMF and ring current–plasmasphere interaction. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1359 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Brice, Bulk motion of the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 72(21), 5193–5211 (1967)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Brice, R.L. Smith, Lower hybrid resonance emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 70(1), 71–80 (1965)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Burch, IMAGE mission overview. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 1–14 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Burch, J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, Cause of plasmasphere corotation lag. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(5), L05802 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • W.C. Burgess, U.S. Inan, The role of ducted whistlers in the precipitation loss and equilibrium flux of radiation belt electrons. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A9), 15643–15665 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.I. Burke, N.C. Maynard, M.P. Hagan, R.A. Wolf, G.R. Wilson, L.C. Gentile, M.S. Gussenhoven, C.Y. Huang, T.W. Garner, F.J. Rich, Electrodynamics of the inner magnetosphere observed in the dusk sector by CRRES and DMSP during the magnetic storm of June 4–6, 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A12), 29399–29418 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Calvert, DE-1 measurements of AKR wave directions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 12(6), 381–384 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Canu, P.M.E. Décréau, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, H.C. Séran, P. Fergeau, M. Lévêque, P. Martin, F.X. Sené, E. Le Guirriec, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, Identification of natural plasma emissions observed close to the plasmapause by the Cluster-Whisper relaxation sounder. Ann. Geophys. 19(10), 1697–1709 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Whistler evidence of a “knee” in the magnetospheric ionization density profile. J. Geophys. Res. 68(6), 1675–1682 (1963)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Whistler measurements of the equatorial profile of magnetospheric electron density, in Progress in Radio Science 1960–1996, III, The Ionosphere, ed. by G.M. Brown (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965), pp. 76–91

    Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Whistler studies of the plasmapause in the magnetosphere, 1. Temporal variations in the position of the knee and some evidence on plasma motions near the knee. J. Geophys. Res. 71(3), 693–709 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Relations between the dawn minimum in the equatorial radius of the plasmapause and Dst, K p , and local K at Byrd Station. J. Geophys. Res. 72(11), 2969–2971 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Remarks on the ground-based whistler method of studying the magnetospheric thermal plasma. Ann. Geophys. 26(2), 363–370 (1970a)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Whistler evidence of the dynamic behavior of the duskside bulge in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(19), 3837–3847 (1970b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, OGO 2 and 4 VLF observations of the asymmetric plasmapause near the time of SAR arc events. J. Geophys. Res. 76(16), 3644–3650 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, Remote sensing the Earth’s plasmasphere. Rad. Sci. Bull. 308, 13–29 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, R.R. Anderson, An ISEE/Whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1097–1108 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, B.L. Giles, C.R. Chappell, P.M.E. Décréau, R.R. Anderson, A.M. Persoon, A.J. Smith, Y. Corcuff, P. Canu, Plasmasphere dynamics in the duskside bulge region: A new look at an old topic. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A11), 19243–19271 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, J. Lemaire, The plasmasphere boundary layer. Ann. Geophys. 22(12), 4291–4298 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, R. Walter, R.E. Barrington, D.J. McEwen, Alouette 1 and 2 observations of abrupt changes in whistler rate and of VLF noise variations at the plasmapause—A satellite-ground study. J. Geophys. Res. 73(9), 2929–2940 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, A.J. Smith, B.L. Giles, C.R. Chappell, P.M.E. Décréau, A case study of plasma structure in the dusk sector associated with enhanced magnetospheric convection. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1157–1166 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Carpenter, M.A. Spasojević, T.F. Bell, U.S. Inan, B.W. Reinisch, I.A. Galkin, R.F. Benson, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, S.A. Boardsen, Small-scale field-aligned plasmaspheric density structures inferred from the radio plasma imager on IMAGE. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A9), 1258 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Chanteur, Spatial interpolation for four spacecraft: Theory, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 349–369

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Chanteur, C.C. Harvey, Spatial interpolation for four spacecraft: Application to magnetic gradients, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 371–393, ISSI SR-001

    Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Chappell, K.K. Harris, G.W. Sharp, A study of the influence of magnetic activity on the location of the plasmapause as measured by OGO 5. J. Geophys. Res. 75(1), 50–56 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.H. Comfort, Plasmasphere thermal structure as measured by ISEE-1 and DE-1. Adv. Space Res. 6(3), 31–40 (1986)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • P.D. Craven, D.L. Gallagher, R.H. Comfort, Relative concentration of He+ in the inner magnetosphere as observed by the DE 1 retarding ion mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A2), 2279–2289 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Darrouzet, Etude de la magnétosphère terrestre par l’analyse multipoint des données de la mission CLUSTER. Contributions à la caractérisation des frontières et de la magnétosphère interne, Ph.D. thesis, University of Orléans, France (2006). http://www.aeronomie.be/plasmasphere/pdf/Darrouzet_PhDThesis_UniversityOrleans_20060607.pdf

  • F. Darrouzet, P.M.E. Décréau, J. De Keyser, A. Masson, D.L. Gallagher, O. Santolík, B.R. Sandel, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, E. Le Guirriec, P. Canu, F. Sedgemore, M. André, J.F. Lemaire, Density structures inside the plasmasphere: Cluster observations. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2577–2585 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, D.L. Gallagher, V. Pierrard, J.F. Lemaire, B.R. Sandel, I. Dandouras, H. Matsui, M. Dunlop, J. Cabrera, A. Masson, P. Canu, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, M. André, Analysis of plasmaspheric plumes: CLUSTER and IMAGE observations. Ann. Geophys. 24(6), 1737–1758 (2006a)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, J.F. Lemaire, M.W. Dunlop, Spatial gradients in the plasmasphere from Cluster. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(8), L08105 (2006b)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Darrouzet, D.L. Gallagher, N. André, D.L. Carpenter, I. Dandouras, P.M.E. Décréau, J. De Keyser, R.E. Denton, J.C. Foster, J. Goldstein, M.B. Moldwin, B.W. Reinisch, B.R. Sandel, J. Tu, Plasmaspheric density structures and dynamics: Properties observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE missions. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. De Keyser, Least-squares multi-spacecraft gradient calculation with automatic error estimation. Ann. Geophys. 26(11), 3295–3316 (2008)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • J. De Keyser, F. Darrouzet, M.W. Dunlop, P.M.E. Décréau, Least-squares gradient calculation from multi-point observations of scalar and vector fields: Methodology and applications with Cluster in the plasmasphere. Ann. Geophys. 25(4), 971–987 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. De Keyser, M.W. Dunlop, C.J. Owen, B.U.O. Sonnerup, S.E. Haaland, A. Vaivads, G. Paschmann, R. Lundin, L. Rezeau, Magnetopause and boundary layer. Space Sci. Rev. 118(1–4), 231–320 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M.E. Décréau, C. Beghin, M. Parrot, Global characteristics of the cold plasma in the equatorial plasmapause region as deduced from the GEOS 1 mutual impedance probe. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A2), 695–712 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M.E. Décréau, C. Ducoin, G. Le Rouzic, O. Randriamboarison, J.L. Rauch, J.G. Trotignon, X. Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, M.P. Gough, A. Buckley, T.D. Carozzi, Observation of continuum radiations from the CLUSTER fleet: First results from direction finding. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2607–2624 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M.E. Décréau, P. Fergeau, V. Krasnosels’kikh, E. Le Guirriec, M. Lévêque, P. Martin, O. Randriamboarison, J.L. Rauch, F.X. Sené, H.C. Séran, J.G. Trotignon, P. Canu, N. Cornilleau, H. de Féraudy, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, P.B. Mögensen, G. Gustafsson, M. André, D.A. Gurnett, F. Darrouzet, J. Lemaire, C.C. Harvey, P. Travnicek, Early results from the Whisper instrument on Cluster: An overview. Ann. Geophys. 19(10), 1241–1258 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z.C. Dent, I.R. Mann, J. Goldstein, F.W. Menk, L.G. Ozeke, Plasmaspheric depletion, refilling, and plasmapause dynamics: A coordinated ground-based and IMAGE satellite study. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A03205 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Denton, J. Goldstein, J.D. Menietti, Field line dependence of magnetospheric electron density. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(24), 2205 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Dungey, The theory of the quiet magnetosphere, in Proceedings of the 1966 Symposium on Solar–Terrestrial Physics, ed. by J.W. King, W.S. Newman (Belgrade, 1967), pp. 91–106

    Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, Magnetopause current as seen by Cluster. Ann. Geophys. 23(3), 901–907 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, K.-H. Glassmeier, Four-point Cluster application of magnetic field analysis tools: The discontinuity analyzer. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1385 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Dunlop, J.P. Eastwood, The curlometer and other gradient based methods, in Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-008 (ESA Communications, 2008), pp. 17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Dunlop, T.I. Woodward, Multi-spacecraft discontinuity analysis: Orientation and motion, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 271–306

    Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, Q.-Q. Shi, Z. Pu, C. Vallat, P. Robert, S. Haaland, C. Shen, J.A. Davies, K.-H. Glassmeier, P. Cargill, F. Darrouzet, A. Roux, The curlometer and other gradient measurements with Cluster. Proceedings of the Cluster and Double Star Symposium, 5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space, ESA SP-598 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Eastwood, A. Balogh, M.W. Dunlop, C.W. Smith, Cluster observations of the heliospheric current sheet and an associated magnetic flux rope and comparisons with ACE. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1365 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.P. Escoubet, C.T. Russell, R. Schmidt (eds.), The Cluster and Phoenix Missions (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Foster, P.J. Erickson, A.J. Coster, J. Goldstein, F.J. Rich, Ionospheric signatures of plasmaspheric tails. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(13), 1623 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Foster, W. Rideout, B. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, F.J. Rich, On the relationship of SAPS to storm-enhanced density. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 303–313 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.F. Fung, R.F. Benson, D.L. Carpenter, J.L. Green, V. Jayanti, I.A. Galkin, B.W. Reinisch, Guided echoes in the magnetosphere: Observations by radio plasma imager on IMAGE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(11), 1589 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, Modeling of field-aligned guided echoes in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 110(A1), A01210 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Galkin, B.W. Reinisch, G. Grinstein, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, X. Huang, S. Fung, Automated exploration of the radio plasma imager data. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A12210 (2004a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Galkin, B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, R.F. Benson, S. Fung, Automated diagnostics for resonance signature recognition on IMAGE/RPI plasmagrams. Radio Sci. 39(1), RS1015 (2004b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Galkin, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, B.W. Reinisch, Intelligent resident archive for RPI Level 2 data, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics, ed. by P. Song, J. Foster, M. Mendillo, D. Bilitza. AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 974 (2008), pp. 111–117

    Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Gallagher, M.L. Adrian, Two-dimensional drift velocities from the IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric imager. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 341–350 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Gallagher, M.L. Adrian, M.W. Liemohn, Origin and evolution of deep plasmaspheric notches. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09201 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Galvan, M.B. Moldwin, B.R. Sandel, Diurnal variation in plasmaspheric He+ inferred from extreme ultraviolet images. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09216 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Ganguli, M.A. Reynolds, M.W. Liemohn, The plasmasphere and advances in plasmaspheric research. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 62(17–18), 1647–1657 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.N. Garcia, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, S.A. Boardsen, B.R. Sandel, B.W. Reinisch, Observations of the latitudinal structure of plasmaspheric convection plumes by IMAGE-RPI and EUV. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A8), 1321 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Geiss, H. Balsiger, P. Eberhardt, H.P. Walker, L. Weber, D.T. Young, H. Rosenbauer, Dynamics of magnetospheric ion composition as observed by the GEOS mass spectrometer. Space Sci. Rev. 22(5), 537–566 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.R. Gibby, U.S. Inan, T.F. Bell, Saturation effects in the VLF triggered emission process. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A11215 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, R.W. Spiro, P.H. Reiff, R.A. Wolf, B.R. Sandel, J.W. Freeman, R.L. Lambour, IMF-driven overshielding electric field and the origin of the plasmaspheric shoulder of May 24, 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(16), 1819 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, P.H. Reiff, IMF-driven plasmasphere erosion of 10 July 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(3), 1146 (2003a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, M.R. Hairston, P.H. Reiff, Control of plasmaspheric dynamics by both convection and sub-auroral polarization stream. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(24), 2243 (2003b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, M. Spasojević, P.H. Reiff, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, D.L. Gallagher, B.W. Reinisch, Identifying the plasmapause in IMAGE EUV data using IMAGE RPI in situ steep density gradients. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), 1147 (2003c)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, M.F. Thomsen, M. Spasojević, P.H. Reiff, Simultaneous remote sensing and in situ observations of plasmaspheric drainage plumes. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A03202 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, J.L. Burch, B.R. Sandel, Magnetospheric model of subauroral polarization stream. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09222 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, Multiple plasmapause undulations observed by the IMAGE satellite on 20 March 2001. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 322–333 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.P. Gough, Non-thermal continuum emissions associated with electron injections: Remote plasmapause sounding. Planet. Space Sci. 30(7), 657–668 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Green, B.W. Reinisch, An overview of results from RPI on Image. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1–4), 183–210 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Grew, F.W. Menk, M.A. Clilverd, B.R. Sandel, Mass and electron densities in the inner magnetosphere during a prolonged disturbed interval. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L02108 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Grimald, P.M.E. Décréau, P. Canu, X. Suraud, X. Vallières, F. Darrouzet, C.C. Harvey, A quantitative test of Jones NTC beaming theory using Cluster constellation. Ann. Geophys. 25(3), 823–831 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.I. Gringauz, The structure of the ionized gas envelope of the Earth from direct measurements in the USSR of local charged particle concentrations. Planet. Space Sci. 11(3), 281–296 (1963)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.I. Gringauz, V.V. Bezrukikh, Plasmasphere of the Earth (Review). Geomagn. Aeron. 17(5), 523–533 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • K.I. Gringauz, V.G. Kurt, V.I. Moroz, I.S. Shklovsky, Results of observations of charged particles observed out to R=100,000 km with the aid of charged-particle traps on Soviet space rockets. Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 37, 716–735 (1960)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.I. Gringauz, V.V. Bezrukikh, V.D. Ozerov, R.E. Rybchinskii, The study of interplanetary ionized gas, high-energy electrons and corpuscular radiation of the Sun, employing three-electrode charged particle traps on the second Soviet space rocket. Planet. Space Sci. 9(3), 103–107 (1962)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Gurgiolo, B.R. Sandel, J.D. Perez, D.G. Mitchell, C.J. Pollock, B.A. Larsen, Overlap of the plasmasphere and ring current: Relation to subauroral ionospheric heating. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12217 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Gurnett, The Earth as a radio source: The nonthermal continuum. J. Geophys. Res. 80(19), 2751–2763 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Gurnett, U.S. Inan, Plasma wave observations with the Dynamics Explorer 1 spacecraft. Rev. Geophys. 26(2), 285–316 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Gurnett, F.L. Scarf, Summary report on session on new developments, in Progress in Radio Science, 1963–1966 (International Union of Radio Science, Brussels, 1967), pp. 1106–1107

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Gustafsson, M. André, T. Carozzi, A.I. Eriksson, C.-G. Fälthammar, R. Grard, G. Holmgren, J.A. Holtet, N. Ivchenko, T. Karlsson, Y. Khotyaintsev, S. Klimov, H. Laakso, P.-A. Lindqvist, B. Lybekk, G. Marklund, F. Mozer, K. Mursula, A. Pedersen, B. Popielawska, S. Savin, K. Stasiewicz, P. Tanskanen, A. Vaivads, J.E. Wahlund, First results of electric field and density observations by Cluster EFW based on initial months of observations. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1219–1240 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Haaland, B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, H. Hasegawa, B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, B. Lavraud, H. Rème, Four-spacecraft determination of magnetopause orientation, motion and thickness: Comparison with results from single-spacecraft methods. Ann. Geophys. 22(4), 1347–1365 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Hannequin, J. Max, Statistical and heuristic image noise extraction (SHINE): A new method for processing Poisson noise in scintigraphic images. Phys. Medicine Biol. 47, 4329–4344 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.B. Hanson, I.B. Ortenburger, The coupling between the protonosphere and the normal F region. J. Geophys. Res. 66(5), 1425–1435 (1961)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Harvey, Spatial gradients and the volumetric tensor, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 307–322

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Hashimoto, J.J. Green, R.R. Anderson, H. Matsumoto, Review of kilometric continuum, in Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation, ed. by J.W. LaBelle, R.A. Treumann. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 687 (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 37–51

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hayakawa, Whistlers, in Handbook of atmospheric electrodynamics, ed. by H. Volland, vol. II (CRC, Boca Raton, 1995), pp. 155–194

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hayakawa, S.S. Sazhin, Mid-latitude and plasmaspheric hiss: A review. Planet. Space Sci. 40(10), 1325–1338 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Heise, N. Jakowski, D. Cooke, Ionosphere/plasmasphere imaging based on GPS navigation measurements from CHAMP and SAC-C, in Earth Observation with CHAMP: Results from Three Years in Orbit, ed. by C. Reigber, H. Lühr, P. Schwintzer, J. Wickert (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 471–476

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Helliwell, VLF wave stimulation experiments in the magnetosphere from Siple Station, Antarctica. Rev. Geophys. 26(3), 551–578 (1988)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Helliwell, J.P. Katsufrakis, VLF wave injection into the magnetosphere from Siple Station, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 79(16), 2511–2518 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Heyborne, R.L. Smith, R.A. Helliwell, Latitudinal cutoff of VLF signals in the ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 74(9), 2393–2397 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Ho, D.L. Carpenter, Outlying plasmasphere structure detected by whistlers. Planet. Space Sci. 24(10), 987–994 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Horwitz, R.H. Comfort, C.R. Chappell, A statistical characterization of plasmasphere density structure and boundary locations. J. Geophys. Res. 95(A6), 7937–7947 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Huang, B.W. Reinisch, Automatic calculation of electron density profiles from digital ionograms. 2. True height inversion of topside ionograms with the profile-fitting method. Radio Sci. 17(4), 837–844 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Huang, B.W. Reinisch, P. Song, J.L. Green, D.L. Gallagher, Developing an empirical density model of the plasmasphere using IMAGE/RPI observations. Adv. Space Res. 33(6), 829–832 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Inan, T.F. Bell, R.A. Helliwell, Nonlinear pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by coherent VLF waves in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 83(A7), 3235–3253 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Jones, Terrestrial myriametric radiation from the Earth’s plasmapause. Planet. Space Sci. 30(4), 399–410 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Kasaba, H. Matsumoto, K. Hashimoto, R.R. Anderson, J.-L. Bougeret, M.L. Kaiser, X.Y. Wu, I. Nagano, Remote sensing of the plasmapause during substorms: Geotail observation of nonthermal continuum enhancement. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A9), 20389–20405 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Kennel, H.E. Petschek, Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. 71(1), 1–28 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.V. Khazanov, M.W. Liemohn, T.S. Newman, M.-C. Fok, R.W. Spiro, Self-consistent magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: Theoretical studies. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A3), 1122 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Kimura, Effects of ions on whistler-mode ray tracing. Radio Sci. 1, 269–283 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.A. Kotova, The Earth’s plasmasphere: State of studies (a review). Geomagn. Aeron. 47(4), 409–422 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.A. Kotova, V.V. Bezrukikh, M.I. Verigin, J. Smilauer, New aspects in plasmaspheric ion temperature variations from INTERBALL 2 and MAGION 5 measurements. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 70(2–4), 399–406 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Laakso, A. Pedersen, Ambient electron density derived from differential potential measurements, in Measurements Techniques in Space Plasmas: Particles, ed. by R.F. Pfaff, J.E. Borovsky, D.T. Young. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 102 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1998), pp. 49–54

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Laakso, R. Pfaff, P. Janhunen, Polar observations of electron density distribution in the Earth’s magnetosphere. 1. Statistical results. Ann. Geophys. 20(11), 1711–1724 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. LaBelle, R.A. Treumann (eds.), Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 687 (Springer, Berlin, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Larsen, D.M. Klumpar, C. Gurgiolo, Correlation between plasmapause position and solar wind parameters. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 334–340 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J. LeDocq, D.A. Gurnett, R.R. Anderson, Electron number density fluctuations near the plasmapause observed by the CRRES spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A12), 23661–23671 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Lemaire, The mechanisms of formation of the plasmapause. Ann. Geophys. 31, 175–190 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Lemaire, K.I. Gringauz, The Earth’s Plasmasphere (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Liemohn, P.C. Brandt, Small-scale structure in the storm time ring current, in Inner Magnetosphere Interactions: New Perspectives from Imaging, ed. by J.L. Burch, M. Schulz, H. Spence. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 159 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2005), pp. 167–177

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Masson, O. Santolík, D.L. Carpenter, F. Darrouzet, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Green, S. Grimald, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, M.B. Moldwin, F. Němec, Advances in plasmaspheric wave research with CLUSTER and IMAGE observations. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Matsui, J.C. Foster, D.L. Carpenter, I. Dandouras, F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, D.L. Gallagher, J. Goldstein, P.A. Puhl-Quinn, C. Vallat, Electric fields and magnetic fields in the plasmasphere: A perspective from CLUSTER and IMAGE. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Matsumoto, I. Kimura, Linear and nonlinear instabilities and VLF emissions in the magnetosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 19(6), 567–608 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.E. McIlwain, Coordinates for mapping the distribution of magnetically trapped particles. J. Geophys. Res. 66(11), 3681–3691 (1961)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Mitchell, S.E. Jaskulek, C.E. Schlemm, E.P. Keath, R.E. Thompson, B.E. Tossman, J.D. Boldt, J.R. Hayes, G.B. Andrews, N. Paschalidis, D.C. Hamilton, R.A. Lundgren, E.O. Tums, P. Wilson, H.D. Voss, D. Prentice, K.C. Hsieh, C.C. Curtis, F.R. Powell, High energy neutral atom (HENA) imager for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 67–112 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Moldwin, L. Downward, H.K. Rassoul, R. Amin, R.R. Anderson, A new model of the location of the plasmapause: CRRES results. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1339 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Moldwin, B.R. Sandel, M.F. Thomsen, R.C. Elphic, Quantifying global plasmaspheric images with in situ observations. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1), 47–61 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Moldwin, M.F. Thomsen, S.J. Bame, D.J. McComas, K.R. Moore, An examination of the structure and dynamics of the outer plasmasphere using multiple geosynchronous satellites. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A6), 11475–11481 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.E. Moore, D.J. Chornay, M.R. Collier, F.A. Herrero, J. Johnson, M.A. Johnson, J.W. Keller, J.F. Laudadio, J.F. Lobell, K.W. Ogilvie, P. Rozmarynowski, S.A. Fuselier, A.G. Ghielmetti, E. Hertzberg, D.C. Hamilton, R. Lundgren, P. Wilson, P. Walpole, T.M. Stephen, B.L. Peko, B. Van Zyl, P. Wurz, J.M. Quinn, G.R. Wilson, The Low Energy Neutral Atom imager for IMAGE. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 155–195 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.R. Mosier, M.L. Kaiser, L.W. Brown, Observations of noise bands associated with the upper hybrid resonance by the IMP 6 radio astronomy experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 78(10), 1673–1679 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Moullard, A. Masson, H. Laakso, M. Parrot, P.M.E. Décréau, O. Santolík, M. André, Density modulated whistler mode emissions observed near the plasmapause. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(20), 1975 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Nishida, Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magnetospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail. J. Geophys. Res. 71(23), 5669–5679 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.A. Nsumei, B.W. Reinisch, P. Song, J. Tu, X. Huang, Polar cap electron density distribution from IMAGE/RPI measurements: The relative importance of solar illumination and geomagnetic activity. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A01217 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Nunn, A self-consistent theory of triggered VLF emissions. Plan. Space Sci. 22(3), 349–378 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Omura, H. Matsumoto, Computer simulations of basic processes of coherent whistler-mode wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A6), 4435–4444 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.G. Park, Whistler observations of the interchange of ionization between the ionosphere and the protonosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(22), 4249–4260 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.W. Paschal, R.A. Helliwell, Phase measurements of whistler mode signals from the Siple VLF transmitter. J. Geophys. Res. 89(A3), 1667–1674 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (eds.), Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, Noordwijk, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (eds.), Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited. ISSI SR-008 (ESA Communications, Noordwijk, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Paschmann, J.M. Quinn, R.B. Torbert, H. Vaith, C.E. McIlwain, G. Haerendel, O.H. Bauer, T. Bauer, W. Baumjohann, W. Fillius, M. Förster, S. Frey, E. Georgescu, S.S. Kerr, C.A. Kletzing, H. Matsui, P. Puhl-Quinn, E.C. Whipple, The Electron Drift Instrument on Cluster: Overview of first results. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1273–1288 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Paschmann, S.J. Schwartz, C.P. Escoubet, S. Haaland (eds.), Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries: Cluster Results. Space Science Series of ISSI, vol. 20 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Pedersen, Solar wind and magnetosphere plasma diagnostics by spacecraft electrostatic potential measurements. Ann. Geophys. 13(2), 118–129 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pedersen, P. Décréau, C.P. Escoubet, G. Gustafsson, H. Laakso, P.-A. Lindqvist, B. Lybekk, A. Masson, F. Mozer, A. Vaivads, Four-point high resolution information on electron densities by the electric field experiments (EFW) on Cluster. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1483–1489 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pedersen, B. Lybekk, M. André, A. Eriksson, A. Masson, F.S. Mozer, P.-A. Lindqvist, P.M.E. Décréau, I. Dandouras, J.-A. Sauvaud, A. Fazakerley, M. Taylor, G. Paschmann, K.R. Svenes, K. Torkar, E. Whipple, Electron density estimations derived from spacecraft potential measurements on Cluster in tenuous plasma regions. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A07S33 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Pierrard, J. Goldstein, N. André, V.K. Jordanova, G.A. Kotova, J.F. Lemaire, M.W. Liemohn, H. Matsui, Recent progress in physics-based models of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Pollock, K. Asamura, J. Baldonado, M.M. Balkey, P. Barker, J.L. Burch, E.J. Korpela, J. Cravens, G. Dirks, M.-C. Fok, H.O. Funsten, M. Grande, M. Gruntman, J. Hanley, J.M. Jahn, M. Jenkins, M. Lampton, M. Marckwordt, D.J. McComas, T. Mukai, G. Penegor, S. Pope, S. Ritzau, M.L. Schattenburg, E. Scime, R. Skoug, W. Spurgeon, T. Stecklein, S. Storms, C. Urdiales, P. Valek, J.T.M. Van Beek, S.E. Weidner, M. Wüest, M.K. Young, C. Zinsmeyer, Medium Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) imager for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 113–154 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Rauch, X. Suraud, P.M.E. Décréau, J.G. Trotignon, R. Ledée, G. Lemercier, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, S. Grimald, G. Bozan, X. Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, Automatic determination of the plasma frequency using image processing on WHISPER data. Proceedings of the Cluster and Double Star Symposium, 5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space. ESA SP-598 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • B.W. Reinisch, G.S. Sales, D.M. Haines, S.F. Fung, W.W.L. Taylor, Radio wave active Doppler imaging of space plasma structures: Arrival angle, wave polarization, and Faraday rotation measurements with the radio plasma imager. Radio Sci. 34(6), 1513–1524 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.W. Reinisch, D.M. Haines, K. Bibl, G. Cheney, I.A. Galkin, X. Huang, S.H. Myers, G.S. Sales, R.F. Benson, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, S. Boardsen, W.W.L. Taylor, J.L. Bougeret, R. Manning, N. Meyer-Vernet, M. Moncuquet, D.L. Carpenter, D.L. Gallagher, P. Reiff, The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 319–359 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, P. Song, G.S. Sales, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, D.L. Gallagher, V.M. Vasyliunas, Plasma density distribution along the magnetospheric field: RPI observations from IMAGE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(24), 4521–4524 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, P. Song, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, V.M. Vasyliunas, D.L. Gallagher, B.R. Sandel, Plasmaspheric mass loss and refilling as a result of a magnetic storm. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01202 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • B.W. Reinisch, M.B. Moldwin, R.E. Denton, D.L. Gallagher, H. Matsui, V. Pierrard, J. Tu, Augmented empirical models of plasmaspheric density and electric field using IMAGE and CLUSTER data. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Rème, C. Aoustin, J.M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, B. Lavraud, J.A. Sauvaud, A. Barthe, J. Bouyssou, Th. Camus, O. Coeur-Joly, A. Cros, J. Cuvilo, F. Ducay, Y. Garbarowitz, J.L. Médale, E. Penou, H. Perrier, D. Romefort, J. Rouzaud, C. Vallat, D. Alcaydé, C. Jacquey, C. Mazelle, C. d’Uston, E. Möbius, L.M. Kistler, K. Crocker, M. Granoff, C. Mouikis, M. Popecki, M. Vosbury, B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, H. Kucharek, E. Kuenneth, G. Paschmann, M. Scholer, N. Sckopke, E. Seidenschwang, C.W. Carlson, D.W. Curtis, C. Ingraham, R.P. Lin, J.P. McFadden, G.K. Parks, T. Phan, V. Formisano, E. Amata, M.B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, P. Baldetti, R. Bruno, G. Chionchio, A. Di Lellis, M.F. Marcucci, G. Pallocchia, A. Korth, P.W. Daly, B. Graeve, H. Rosenbauer, V. Vasyliunas, M. McCarthy, M. Wilber, L. Eliasson, R. Lundin, S. Olsen, E.G. Shelley, S. Fuselier, A.G. Ghielmetti, W. Lennartsson, C.P. Escoubet, H. Balsiger, R. Friedel, J.-B. Cao, R.A. Kovrazhkin, I. Papamastorakis, R. Pellat, J. Scudder, B. Sonnerup, First multi-spacecraft ion measurements in and near the Earth’s magnetosphere with the identical Cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) experiment. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1303–1354 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.D. Richmond, Self-induced motions of thermal plasma in the magnetosphere and the stability of the plasmapause. Radio Sci. 8(11), 1019–1027 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Robert, A. Roux, C.C. Harvey, M.W. Dunlop, P.W. Daly, K.-H. Glassmeier, Tetrahedron geometric factors, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 323–348

    Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Roelof, A.J. Skinner, Extraction of ion distributions from magnetospheric ENA and EUV images. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 437–459 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.R. Sandel, M.H. Denton, Global view of refilling of the plasmasphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L17102 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.R. Sandel, A.L. Broadfoot, C.C. Curtis, R.A. King, T.C. Stone, R.H. Hill, J. Chen, O.H.W. Siegmund, R. Raffanti, D.D. Allred, R.S. Turley, D.L. Gallagher, The Extreme UltraViolet imager investigation for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 197–242 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.R. Sandel, J. Goldstein, D.L. Gallagher, M. Spasojević, Extreme ultraviolet imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1), 25–46 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.S. Sazhin, M. Hayakawa, K. Bullough, Whistler diagnostics of magnetospheric parameters: A review. Ann. Geophys. 10(5), 293–308 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.P. Serbu, E.J.R. Maier, Low-energy electrons measured on IMP 2. J. Geophys. Res. 71(15), 3755–3766 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.P. Serbu, E.J.R. Maier, Thermal plasma measurements within the magnetosphere, in Space Research VII, vol. 1, ed. by R.L. Smith-Rose, S.A. Bowhill, J.W. King (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1967), p. 527

    Google Scholar 

  • G.P. Serbu, E.J.R. Maier, Observations from OGO 5 of the thermal ion density and temperature within the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(31), 6102–6113 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.R. Shaw, D.A. Gurnett, A test of two theories for the low-frequency cutoffs of nonthermal continuum radiation. J. Geophys. Res. 85(A9), 4571–4576 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.R. Shklyar, F. Jiříček, Simulation of nonducted whistler spectrograms observed aboard the MAGION 4 and 5 satellites. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 62(5), 347–370 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Sibeck, L. Prech, J. Safrankova, Z. Nemecek, Two-point measurements of the magnetopause: Interball observations. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A1), 237–244 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Smilauer, V. Truhlik, J. Boskova, P. Triska, J. Schultchishin, Observations of thermal O++ ions in the outer ionosphere. Adv. Space Res. 17(10), 135–140 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Smith, J.J. Angerami, Magnetospheric properties deduced from OGO 1 observations of ducted and non-ducted whistlers. J. Geophys. Res. 73(1), 1–20 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, M. Scheible, Minimum and maximum variance analysis, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 185–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • V.S. Sonwalkar, Magnetospheric LF-, VLF-, and ELF-waves, in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, vol. II, ed. by H. Volland (CRC, Boca Raton, 1995), pp. 407–462

    Google Scholar 

  • V.S. Sonwalkar, The influence of plasma density irregularities on whistler-mode wave propagation, in Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation, ed. by J.W. LaBelle, R.A. Treumann. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 687 (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 141–183

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Spasojević, J. Goldstein, D.L. Carpenter, U.S. Inan, B.R. Sandel, M.B. Moldwin, B.W. Reinisch, Global response of the plasmasphere to a geomagnetic disturbance. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A9), 1340 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Stankov, N. Jakowski, S. Heise, Reconstruction of ion and electron density profiles from space-based measurements of the upper electron content. Planet. Space Sci. 53(9), 945–957 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.R.O. Storey, An investigation of whistling atmospherics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.) 246A, 113–141 (1953)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.R.O. Storey, F. Lefeuvre, The analysis of 6-component measurements of a random electromagnetic wave field in a magnetoplasma. I. The direct problem. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 56(2), 255–269 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • L.R.O. Storey, F. Lefeuvre, The analysis of 6-component measurements of a random electromagnetic wave field in a magnetoplasma. II. The integration kernels. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 62(1), 173–194 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.A. Taylor Jr., H.C. Brinton, C.R. Smith, Positive ion composition in the magnetoionosphere obtained from the OGO-A satellite. J. Geophys. Res. 70(23), 5769–5781 (1965)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.A. Taylor Jr., H.C. Brinton, M.W. Pharo III, Contraction of the plasmasphere during geomagnetically disturbed periods. J. Geophys. Res. 73(3), 961–968 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.A. Taylor Jr., H.C. Brinton, D.L. Carpenter, F.M. Bonner, R.L. Heyborne, Ion depletion in the high-latitude exosphere: Simultaneous OGO 2 observations of the light ion trough and the VLF cutoff. J. Geophys. Res. 74(14), 3517–3528 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.A. Taylor Jr., J.M. Grebowsky, W.J. Walsh, Structured variations of the plasmapause: Evidence of a corotating plasma tail. J. Geophys. Res. 76(28), 6806–6814 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.F. Thomsen, D.J. McComas, J.E. Borovsky, R.C. Elphic, The magnetospheric trough, in Geospace Mass and Energy Flow: Results from the International Solar–Terrestrial Physics program, ed. by J.L. Horwitz, D.L. Gallagher, W.K. Peterson. Geophysical Monograph Series (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1998), pp. 355–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Thorne, E.J. Smith, R.K. Burton, R.E. Holzer, Plasmaspheric hiss. J. Geophys. Res. 78(10), 1581–1596 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Trotignon, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Rauch, O. Randriamboarison, V. Krasnosels’kikh, P. Canu, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, E. Le Guirriec, H.C. Séran, F.X. Sené, P. Martin, M. Lévêque, P. Fergeau, How to determine the thermal electron density and the magnetic field strength from the CLUSTER/WHISPER observations around the Earth. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1711–1720 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.G. Trotignon, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Rauch, E. Le Guirriec, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, The Whisper relaxation sounder onboard Cluster: A powerful tool for space plasma diagnosis around the Earth. Cosmic Res. 41(4), 369–372 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • N.A. Tsyganenko, D.P. Stern, Modeling the global magnetic field of the large-scale Birkeland current systems. J. Geophys. Res. 101(A12), 27187–27198 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Tu, P. Song, B. Reinisch, X. Huang, J.L. Green, H.U. Frey, P.H. Reiff, Electron density images of the middle- and high-latitude magnetosphere in response to the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12210 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Vallat, I. Dandouras, M. Dunlop, A. Balogh, E. Lucek, G.K. Parks, M. Wilber, E.C. Roelof, G. Chanteur, H. Rème, First current density measurements in the ring current region using simultaneous multi-spacecraft CLUSTER-FGM data. Ann. Geophys. 23(5), 1849–1865 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Wang, T.S. Newman, D.L. Gallagher, Plasmapause equatorial shape determination via the Minimum L Algorithm: Description and evaluation. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A12201 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Watanabe, B.A. Whalen, A.W. Yau, Thermal ion observations of depletion and refilling in the plasmaspheric trough. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1081–1096 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Williams, E.C. Roelof, D.G. Mitchell, Global magnetospheric imaging. Rev. Geophys. 30(3), 183–208 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Ringlaan 3, 1180, Brussels, Belgium

    Johan De Keyser & Fabien Darrouzet

  2. Space Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Donald L. Carpenter

  3. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science & Technology Center, Huntsville, AL, USA

    Dennis L. Gallagher

  4. Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA

    Jiannan Tu

Authors
  1. Johan De Keyser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donald L. Carpenter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fabien Darrouzet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dennis L. Gallagher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jiannan Tu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johan De Keyser .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), Brussels, Belgium

    F. Darrouzet , J. De Keyser  & V. Pierrard ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, BV

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

De Keyser, J., Carpenter, D.L., Darrouzet, F., Gallagher, D.L., Tu, J. (2009). CLUSTER and IMAGE: New Ways to Study the Earth’s Plasmasphere. In: Darrouzet, F., De Keyser, J., Pierrard, V. (eds) The Earth’s Plasmasphere. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1323-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation