Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inhibitory Control Deficits in Childhood: Definition, Measurement, and Clinical Risk for Substance Use Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Inhibitory Control and Drug Abuse Prevention

Abstract

This chapter examines how the behavioral trait of impulsivity, when present in childhood as feature of disruptive behavior disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD), may contribute to the development of substance abuse disorders in adolescence. We discuss the relationship between the constructs of impulsivity and inhibitory control deficits and review their clinical manifestations in youth with ADHD and CD. We also review evidence suggesting that high levels of impulsivity in children can be viewed as a predictor of later substance abuse, and provide information about the possible biological underpinnings of such risk factors. The hypotheses that biological factors could potentially mediate the transition from drug experimentation to drug abuse and dependence is important for the development of prevention and treatment strategies to combat different types of addiction. Clinical considerations related to biological and psychological therapeutic interventions for impulsive types of behaviors in childhood and adolescence are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4–18 and 1991. Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A.L., Reid, M.S., Li, S.H., Holmes, T., Shemanski, L., Slee, A., Smith, E.V., Kahn, R., Chiang, N., Vocci, F., Ciraulo, D., Dackis, C., Roache, J.D., Salloum, I.M., Somoza, E., Urschel, H.C. & Elkashef, A. M. (2009). Modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104(1–2), 133–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, J. L. & Paulus, M.P. (2007). Location, location: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to pinpoint brain differences relevant to stimulant use. Addiction,102 (Supplement 1), 33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2003). Does the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulants contribute to drug use/abuse? A 13-year prospective study. Pediatrics, 111, 97–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R.A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C.S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barratt, E.S. (1994). Impulsiveness and aggression. in Violence and mental disorder: developments in risk assessment, Monahan J and Steadman HJ (eds). Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 61–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barratt, E.S. (1959). Anxiety and impulsiveness related to psychomotor efficiency. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 9, 191–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara, A.R., Damasio, H., Damasio & Anderson, S.W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex, Cognition, 50 (1–3), 7–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M.C., Spencer, T., Wilens, T.E., Macpherson, H.A., & Faraone, S.V. (2008). Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 597–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E., Spencer, T., & Faraone, S. V. (1999). Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics, 104, e20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, G. (2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 278–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A.H. (1975) A temperament theory of personality development. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D.P., Lewinsohn, P.M., Rohde, P. & Seeley, J.R. (1997). Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 610–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carbonneau, R., Tremblay, R.E., Vitaro F., Dobkin, P.L., Saucier, J.F. & Pihl, R.O. (1998). Paternal alcoholism, paternal absence and the development of problem behaviors in boys from age six to twelve years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 59(4), 387–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L., Cools, R. & Robbins, T.W. (2004) The neuropsychology of ventral prefrontal cortex: decision-making and reversal learning. Brain Cognition 55, 41–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C.R., Przybeck, T.R., Svrakic, D.M. & Wetzel, R.D. (1994) The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use. Washington University, St Louis, Missouri: Center for psychobiology of personality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, K. (2000). Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised Technical Manual. North Tonawanda, New York: Multi Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crews, F., He, J. & Hodge, C. (2007). Adolescent cortical development: A critical period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86(2), 189–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dackis, C.A., Kampman, K. M., Lynch, K.G., Pettinati, H.M. & O’Brien, C.P. (2005). A double blind, placebo controlled trial of modafinil for cocaine dependence. Neuropyschopharmacology, (30), 205–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daugherty, T.K. & Quay, H.C. (2006) Response perseveration and delayed responding in childhood behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 32 (3), 453–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davids, E. & Gastpar, M. (2003). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 30(4), 182–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, M., Godley, S.H., Diamond, G., Tims, F.M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J., Liddle, H., Titus, J.C., Kaminer, Y., Webb, C., Hamilton, N. & Funk, R. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,27(3),197–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeWit, D.J., Adlaf, E.M., Offord, D.R. & Ogborne, A.C. (2000). Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 745–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickman, S.J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 95–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dom, G., De Wilde, B., Hulstijn, W., van den Brink, W. & Sabbe, B. (2006). Behavioural aspects of impulsivity in alcoholics with and without a cluster-B personality disorder. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41(4), 412–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dom, G., Sabbe, B., Hulstijn, W. & van den Brink, W. (2005). Substance use disorders and the orbitofrontal cortex: systematic review of behavioural decision-making and neuroimaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 209–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, J. & Owen, A.M. (2000). Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends in Neuroscience, 23(10), 475–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, B.A. & Eriksen, C.W. (1974) Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task, Perception & Psychophysics 16, 143–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, S.B.G. & Eysenck, E.H. (1977). The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 57–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evenden, J.L. (1999) Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology. 146(4), 348–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everitt, B.J. & Wolf, M.E. (2002). Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neural systems perspective. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(9), 3312–3320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garavan, H. & Hester, R. (2007). The role of cognitive control in cocaine dependence. Neuropsychological Review, 17(3), 337–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grabowski, J., Rhoades, H., Schmitz, J., Stotts, A., Daruzska, L.A., Creson, D. & Moeller, F.G. (2001). Dextroamphetamine for cocaine-dependence treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 522–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, B.F. & Dawson, D.A. (1998). Age of onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10(2), 163–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R.Z., Craig, A.D., Bechara, A., Garavan, H., Childress, A.R., Paulus, M.P., & Volkow, N.D. (2009). The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13(9), 372–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, S.M., Tulak, F. & Troncale, J. (2004). Prevalence and characteristics of adolescent patients with co-occurring ADHD and substance dependence. Journal of Addiction Diseases, 23, 31–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J.M., Newcorn, J.H., Matier, K., Bedi, G., Hall, S. & Sharma, V. (1995). Impulsivity and the initiation of fights in children with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psycholology and Psychiatry, 36(7), 1199–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heil, S.H., Holmes, H.W., Bickel, W.K., Higgins, S.T., Badger, G.J., Laws, H.F. Comparison of the subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in light drug users. Dr Alcohol Dependence 2002;67(2):149–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasinski, D.R., Krishnan, S. Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse. J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jun;23(4):419–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jentsch, J.D. & Taylor, J.R. (1999). Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 373–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, N.M., Hoza, B. & Hurt, E.A. (2008). Multimodal treatment for childhood attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Review of Neuropathy, 8(10), 1573–1583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N.M. & Hartsough, C.S. (1998). Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. Journal of Learning Disabilties, 31(6), 533–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ledgerwood, D.M. (2008). Contingency management for smoking cessation: Where do we go from here? Current Drug Abuse Review, 1(3), 340–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lejuez, C.W., Read, J.P., Kahler, C.W., Richards, J.B., Ramsey, S.E., Stuart, G.L., Strong, D.R. & Brown, R.A. (2002) Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 75–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, G.D., Cowan, W.B. & Davis, K.A. (1984) On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10, 276–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynskey, M.T. & Fergusson, D.M. (1995) Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 281–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, C.M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychogy Bulletin. 109, 163–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannuzza, S., Klein, R.G., Truong, N.L., Moulton, J.L., III, Roizen, E.R., Howell, K.H., Castellanos, F.X. (2008). Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: Prospective follow-up into adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 604–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martel, M.M., Pierce, L., Nigg, J.T., Jester, J.M., Adams, K., Puttler, L.I., Buu, A., Fitzgerald, H. & Zucker, R.A. (2009). Temperament pathways to childhood disruptive behavior and adolescent substance abuse: testing a cascade model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 37(3), 363–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller, F.G., Barratt, E.S., Dougherty, D.M., Schmitz, J.M. & Swann, A.C. (2001) Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1783–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller F.G., Schmitz J.M., Herin D., Kjome K.L. (2008) Use of stimulants to treat cocaine and methamphetamine abuse. Current Psychiatry Review, 10(5), 385–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B.S.G., Flory, K., Hinshaw, S.P., Greiner, A.R., Arnold, L.E., Swanson, J.M. Wigal, T. (2007). Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: prevalence, course, and treatment effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1027–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, B.S. & Pelham, Jr., W.E. (2003). Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 497–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, M.E., Herin, D.V., Schmitz, J.M., Moukaddam, N., Green, C.E. & Grabowski, J. (2009). Effects of oral methamphetamine on cocaine use: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101(1–2), 34–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, H.B. & Lynch, K.G. (2001). Comorbid disruptive behavior disorder symptoms and their relationship to adolescent alcohol use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(1), 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norwalk, K., Norvilitis, J.M., MacLean, M.G. ADHD symptomatology and its relationship to factors associated with college adjustment. J Atten Disord. 2009 Nov;13(3):251–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, J.M., Stanford, M.S. & Barratt, E.S. (1995). Factor Structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768–774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, J.L. & Carroll, M.E. (2008) The role of impulsive behaviors in drug abuse. Psychopharmacology, 200(1):1–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, A., Ekselius, L. & Ramklint, M. Mental disorders among young adults self-referred and referred by professionals to specialty mental health care. Psychiatr Serv. 2009 Dec;60(12):1649–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangaswamy, M., Porjesz, B., Ardekani, B.A., Choi, S.J., Tanabe, J.L., Lim, K.O., & Begleiter, H. A functional MRI study of visual oddball: evidence for frontoparietal dysfunction in subjects at risk for alcoholism. Neuroimage, 2004. 21(1): p. 329–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhode, P., Kahler, C. W., Lewinsohn, P. M. & Brown, R. A. (2004). Psychiatric disorders, familial factors, and cigarette smoking: Associations with progression to daily smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(1), 119–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T.E. & Kolb, B. (1997). Persistent structural modifications in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex neurons produced by previous experience with amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 8491–8497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R.D., Everitt, B.J., Baldacchino, A., Blackshaw, A.J., Swainson, R., Wynne, K., Baker, N.B., Hunter, J., Carthy, T., Booker, E., London, M., Deakin, J.F., Sahakian, B.J. & Robbins, T.W. (1999) Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms, Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 322–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweinsburg, A.D., Paulus, M.P., Barlett, V.C., Killeen, L.A., Caldwell, L.C., Pulido, C., Brown, S.A. & Tapert, S.F. An FMRI study of response inhibition in youths with a family history of alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2004. 1021: p. 391–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shrier, L.A., Harris, S.K., Kurland, M. & Knight, J.R. (2003). Substance use problems and associated psychiatric symptoms among adolescents in primary care. Pediatrics, 111, e699–e705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P., Lalonde, F., Lepage, C., Rabin, C., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Greenstein, D., Evans, A., Giedd, J.N. & Rapoport, J. Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;66(8):888–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, L.P., The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2000. 24(4): p. 417–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B.H., Pelham, W.E., Jr., Gnagy, E., Molina, B. & Evans, S. (2001) The reliability, validity, and unique contributions of self-report by adolescents receiving treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consult and Clinical Psychology. 68(3):489–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro- developmental characteristics. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 27(7), 593–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, T.J., Biederman, J. & Mick, E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology. Ambul Pediatr. 2007 Jan-Feb;7(1 Suppl):73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R.E., Kirisci L., Mezzich, A., Cornelius, J.R., Pajer, K., Vanyukov, M., Gardner, W., Blackson T., & Clark, D. (2003). Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age at onset of substance use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 1078–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R., Vanyukov, M., Giancola, P., Dawes, M., Blackson, T., Mezzich, A. & Clark, D.B. (1999). Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: a maturational perspective. Developmental Psychopathology, 11(4), 657–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L.L., Riggs, P.D., Mikulich, S.K. & Crowley, T.J. (1996). Contribution of ADHD symptoms to substance problems and delinquency in conduct-disordered adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(3), 325–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vocci, F.J. & Montoya, I.D. (2009) Psychological treatments for stimulant misuse, comparing and contrasting those for amphetamine dependence and those for cocaine dependence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 22(3), 263–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wigal, S.B. (2009). Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults. CNS Drugs, 23(Supplement 1), 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winstanley, C.A., Eagle, D.M. & Robbins, T.W. (2006). Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 379–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., Kolin, E.A., Price, L. & Zoob, I. (1964). Development of a Sensation seeking scale, Journal of Consulting Psychology. 28(6), 477–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA

    Iliyan Ivanov

Authors
  1. Iliyan Ivanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeffrey Newcorn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kelly Morton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michelle Tricamo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iliyan Ivanov .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Drug Abuse, Research Translation, University of Kentucky, S. Limestone 741, Lexington, 40536-0509, Kentucky, USA

    Michael T. Bardo

  2. Transdisciplinary Behavioral, Science Program, RTI International, Eastern Avenue 6801, Baltimore, 21224, Maryland, USA

    Diana H. Fishbein

  3. Center for Drug Abuse, Research Translation, University of Kentucky, S. Limestone 741, Lexington, 40536-0509, Kentucky, USA

    Richard Milich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ivanov, I., Newcorn, J., Morton, K., Tricamo, M. (2011). Inhibitory Control Deficits in Childhood: Definition, Measurement, and Clinical Risk for Substance Use Disorders. In: Bardo, M., Fishbein, D., Milich, R. (eds) Inhibitory Control and Drug Abuse Prevention. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1268-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1268-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1267-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1268-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation