Abstract
Before R.A. Fisher introduced randomized experimentation, the literature on causal inference emphasized reduction of heterogeneity of experimental units. To what extent is heterogeneity relevant to causal claims in observational studies when random assignment of treatments is unethical or infeasible?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ashenfelter, O., Rouse, C.: Income, schooling and ability: Evidence from a new sample of identical twins. Q J Econ 113, 253–284 (1998)
Card, D., Krueger, A.: Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Am Econ Rev 84, 772–793 (1994)
Fisher, R.A.: Design of Experiments. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd (1935)
Greenland, S.: A unified approach to the analysis of case-distribution (case-only) studies. Statist Med 18, 1–15 (1999)
Hammond, E.C.: Smoking in relation to mortality and morbidity. J Natl Cancer Inst 32, 1161–1188 (1964)
Heller, R., Rosenbaum, P.R., Small, D.: Split samples and design sensitivity in observational studies. J Am Statist Assoc 104, to appear (2009)
Hodges, J.L., Lehmann, E.L.: Estimates of location based on ranks, Ann Math Statist 34, 598–611 (1963)
Holland, P.W.: Statistics and causal inference. J Am Statist Assoc 81, 945–960 (1986)
Lehmann, E.L.: Nonparametrics, San Francisco: Holden Day (1975) Reprinted New York: Springer (2006)
Maclure, M.: The case-crossover design: A method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am J Epidemiol 133, 144–152 (1991)
Mill, J.S.: A System of Logic: The Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund (1867)
Norvell, D.C., Cummings, P.: Association of helmet use with death in motorcycle crashes: A matched-pair cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 156, 483–487 (2002)
Rosenbaum, P.R.: Hodges-Lehmann point estimates of treatment effect in observational studies. J Am Statist Assoc 88, 1250–1253 (1993)
Rosenbaum, P.R.: Observational Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Springer (2002)
Rosenbaum, P.R.: Design sensitivity in observational studies. Biometrika 91, 153–164 (2004)
Rosenbaum, P.R.: Heterogeneity and causality: Unit heterogeneity and design sensitivity in observational studies. Am Statistician 59, 147–152 (2005)
Rosenbaum, P.R.: What aspects of the design of an observational study affect its sensitivity to bias from covariates that were not observed? In: Festshrift for Paul W. Holland. Princeton, NJ: ETS (2009)
Salsburg, D.: The Lady Tasting Tea. San Francisco: Freeman (2001)
Small, D., Rosenbaum, P.R.: War and wages: The strength of instrumental variables and their sensitivity to unobserved biases. J Am Statist Assoc 103, 924–933 (2008)
Werfel, U., Langen, V., Eickhoff, I., Schoonbrood, J., Vahrenholz, C., Brauksiepe, A., Popp, W., Norpoth, K.: Elevated DNA single-strand breakage frequencies in lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 19, 413–418 (1998)
Winter, S.G., Szulanski, G.: Replication as strategy. Organizat Sci 12, 730–743 (2001)
Wright, P.H., Robertson, L.S.: Priorities for roadside hazard modification. Traffic Eng 46, 24–30 (1976)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenbaum, P.R. (2010). Heterogeneity and Causality. In: Design of Observational Studies. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1213-8_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1212-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1213-8
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)