Skip to main content

Abstract

Printing technology has been extensively investigated, with the majority of that investigation historically based upon applications to the two-dimensional printing industry. Recently, however, it has spread to numerous new application areas, including electronics packaging, optics, and additive manufacturing. Some of these applications, in fact, have literally taken the technology into a new dimension. The employment of printing technologies in the creation of three-dimensional products has quickly become an extremely promising manufacturing practice, both widely studied and increasingly widely used.

This chapter will summarize the printing achievements made in the additive manufacturing industry and in academia. The development of printing as a process to fabricate 3D parts is summarized, followed by a survey of commercial polymer printing machines. Both direct part printing and binder printing technologies are introduced. Direct printing refers to processes where all of the part material is dispensed from a print head, while binder printing refers to a broad class of processes where binder or other additive is printed onto a powder bed which forms the bulk of the part. Some of the technical challenges of printing are introduced; material development for printing polymers, metals, and ceramics is investigated in some detail. From the topic of pure printing technologies, we move to the three-dimensional binder printing process, where binder is printed into a powder bed to form a part.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Le HP (1998) Progress and trends in ink-jet printing technology. J Imaging Sci Technol 42(1):49–62

    Google Scholar 

  2. The rapid prototyping patent museum: basic technology patents. http://home.att.net/~rppat/museum/mus_2.htm. Accessed 19 March 2006

  3. Wohlers T (2004) Wohlers Report 2004. Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins

    Google Scholar 

  4. Solidscape. T66 Benchtop: Product Description. http://www.solid-scape.com/t66.html. Accessed 31 July 2006

  5. Polyjet technology – 3-dimensional printing applications. http://www.2objet.com. Accessed 19 March 2006

  6. In-Vision 3D printer. http://www.cadem.com.tr/3dsystems/invision/index.html. Accessed 19 March 2006

  7. Gao F, Sonin AA (1994) Precise deposition of molten microdrops: the physics of digital fabrication. Proc R Soc Lond A 444:533–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Reis N, Seerden KAM, Derby B, Halloran JW, Evans JRG (1999) Direct inkjet deposition of ceramic green bodies: II – jet behaviour and deposit formation. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 542:147–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Feng W, Fuh J, Wong Y (2006) Development of a drop-on-demand micro dispensing system. Materials Science Forum 505–507 (January 2006):25–30

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tay B, Edirisinghe MJ (2001) Investigation of some phenomena occurring during continuous ink-jet printing of ceramics. J Mater Res 16(2):373–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Derby B, Reis N (2003) Inkjet printing of highly loaded particulate suspensions. MRS Bull 28(11):815–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ainsley C, Reis N, Derby B (2002) Freeform fabrication by controlled droplet deposition of powder filled melts. J Mater Sci 37:3155–3161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhao X, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ (2002) Direct ink-jet printing of vertical walls. J Am Ceram Soc 85(8):2113–2115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang T, Derby B (2005) Ink-jet printing and sintering of PZT. J Am Ceram Soc 88(8):2053–2058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu Q, Orme M (2001) High precision solder droplet printing technology and the state-of-the-art. J Mater Process Technol 115:271–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Priest JW, Smith C, DuBois P (1997) Liquid metal jetting for printing metal parts. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium

    Google Scholar 

  17. Orme M (1993) A novel technique of rapid solidification net-form material synthesis. J Mater Eng Perform 2:399–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Orme M, Huang C, Courter J (1996) Precision droplet-based manufacturing and material synthesis: fluid dynamics and thermal control issues. Atomization and Sprays 6:305–329

    Google Scholar 

  19. Yamaguchi K (2003) Generation of 3-dimensional microstructure by metal jet. Microsystem Technol 9:215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yamaguchi K, Sakai K, Yamanka T, Hirayama T (2000) Generation of three-dimensional micro structure using metal jet. Precision Eng 24:2–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu Q, Orme M (2001) On precision droplet-based net-form manufacturing technology. Proc I MECH E Part B – J Eng Manufacture 215:1333–1355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cao W, Miyamoto Y (2006) Freeform fabrication of aluminum parts by direct deposition of molten aluminum. J Mater Process Technol 173:209–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Furbank RJ, Morris JF (2004) An experimental study of particle effects on drop formation. Phys Fluids 16(5):1777–1790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bechtel SE, Bogy DB, Talke FE (1981) Impact of a liquid drop against a flat surface. IBM J Res Dev 25(6):963–971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Pasandideh-Fard M, Qiao Y, Chandra S, Mostaghimi J (1996) Capillary effects during droplet impact on a solid surface. Phys Fluids 8(3):650–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Thoroddsen ST, Sakakibara J (1998) Evolution of the fingering pattern of an impacting drop. Phys Fluids 10(6):1359–1374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bhola R, Chandra S (1999) Parameters controlling solidification of molten wax droplets falling on a solid surface. J Mater Sci 34:4883–4894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Attinger D, Zhao Z, Poulikakos D (2000) An experimental study of molten microdroplet surface deposition and solidification: transient behavior and wetting angle dynamics. J Heat Transf 122:544–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bussman M, Chandra S, Mostaghimi J (2000) Modeling the splash of a droplet impacting a solid surface. Phys Fluids 12(12):3121–3132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Schiaffino S, Sonin AA (1997) Molten droplet deposition and solidification at low Weber numbers. Phys Fluids 9(11):3172–3187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Orme M, Huang C (1997) Phase change manipulation for droplet-based solid freeform fabrication. J Heat Transf 119:818–823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sanders R, Forsyth L, Philbrook K (1996) 3-D Model maker. US Patent No. 5506706

    Google Scholar 

  33. Thayer J, Almquist T, Merot C, Bedal B, Leyden R, Denison K, Stockwell J, Caruso A, Lockard M (2001) Selective deposition modeling system and method. US Patent No. 6305769

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gothait H (2005) System and method for three-dimensional model printing. US Patent No. 6850334

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gothait H (2001) Apparatus and method for three-dimensional model printing. US Patent No. 6259962

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bedal B, Bui V (2002) Method and apparatus for controlling the drop volume in a selective deposition modeling environment. US Patent No. 6347257

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tay B, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ (2003) Solid freeform fabrication of ceramics. Int Mater Rev 48(6):341–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. De Gans BJ, Duineveld PC, Schubert US (2004) Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments. Adv Mater 16(3):203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. MicroFab technote 99-01: Background on ink-jet technology. http://www.microfab.com/equipment/technotes/technote99-01.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2006

  40. Teng W, Edirisinghe MJ (1998) Development of continuous direct ink jet printing of ceramics. Br Ceram Trans 97(4):169–173

    Google Scholar 

  41. Blazdell PF, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ, Shaw P, Binstead M (1995) The computer aided manufacture of ceramics using multilayer jet printing. J Mater Sci Lett 54:1562–1565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Blazdell PF (2003) Solid free-forming of ceramics using a continuous jet printer. J Mater Process Technol 137:49–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Tseng AA, Lee MH, Zhao B (2001) Design and operation of a droplet deposition system for freeform fabrication of metal parts. J Eng Mater Technol 123:74–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Basaran OA (2002) Small-scale free surface flows with breakup: drop formation and emerging applications. AIChE J 48(9):1842–1848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Sirringhaus H, Kawase T, Friend RH, Shimoda T, Inbasekaran M, Wu W, Woo EP (2000) High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits. Science 290:2123–2126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Shimoda T, Morii K, Seki S, Kiguchi H (2003) Inkjet printing of light-emitting polymer displays. MRS Bull 28:821–827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Lee E (2002) Microdrop generation. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  48. Percin G, Khuri-Yakub BT (2002) Piezoelectrically actuated flextensional micromachined ultrasound droplet ejectors. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 49(6):756–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Elrod SA, Hadimioglu B, Khuri-Yakub BT, Rawson EG, Richley E, Quate CF (1989) Nozzleless droplet formation with focused acoustic beams. J Appl Phys 65(9):3441–3447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Meacham JM, Ejimofor C, Kumar S, Degertekin FL, Fedorov AG (2004) Micromachined ultrasonic droplet generator based on a liquid horn structure. Rev Sci Instrum 75(5):1347–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Meacham JM, Varady M, Degertekin FL, Fedorov AG (2005) Droplet formation and ejection from a micromachined ultrasonic droplet generator: visualization and scaling. Phys Fluids 17:100605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Margolin L (2006) Ultrasonic droplet generation jetting technology for additive manufacturing: an initial investigation. MS Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology

    Google Scholar 

  53. Fukumoto H, Aizawa J, Nakagawa H, Narumiya H (2000) Printing with ink mist ejected by ultrasonic waves. J Imaging Sci Technol 44(5):398–405

    Google Scholar 

  54. Sweet R (1964) High-frequency oscillography with electrostatically deflected ink jets. SEL-64-004, SELTR17221. Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford, California

    Google Scholar 

  55. Munson B, Young D, Okiishi T (1998) Fundamentals of fluid mechanics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  56. MicroFab Technologies. MicroFab technote 99-02: fluid properties effects on ink-jet device performance. http://www.microfab.com/equipment/technotes.html

  57. De Gans BJ, Kazancioglu E, Meyer W, Schubert US (2004) Ink-jet printing polymers and polymer libraries using micropipettes. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:292–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Paton A, Kruse J (1995) Reduced nozzle viscous impedance. US Patent No. 5463416.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Leyden R, Hull W (1999) Method for selective deposition modeling. US Patent No. 5855836

    Google Scholar 

  60. Orme M, Courter J, Liu Q, Huang C, Smith R (2000) Electrostatic charging and deflection of nonconventional droplet streams formed from capillary stream breakup. Phys Fluids 12(9):2224–2235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhao X, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ, Song JH (2001) Ceramic freeforming using an advanced multinozzle ink-jet printer. J Mater Synth Process 9(6):319–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Xu P, Ruatta S, Schmidt K, Doan V (2004) Phase change support material composition. US Patent No. 66

    Google Scholar 

  63. Schmidt K (2005) Selective deposition modeling with curable phase change materials. US Patent No. 6841116

    Google Scholar 

  64. Sachs EM, Cima MJ, Williams P, Brancazio D, Cornie J (1992) Three-dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. J Eng Ind 114:481–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Ex One, www.exone.com

  66. Yoo J, Cima MJ, Khanuja S, Sachs EM (1993) Structural ceramic components by 3D printing. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX

    Google Scholar 

  67. Uhland S, Holman RK, Morissette S, Cima MJ, Sachs EM (2001) Strength of green ceramics with low binder content. J Am Ceram Soc 84(12):2809–2818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Cima MJ, Lauder A, Khanuja S, Sachs E (1992) Microstructural elements of components derived from 3D printing. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX

    Google Scholar 

  69. Grau J, Moon J, Uhland S, Cima MJ, Sachs E (1997) High green density ceramic components fabricated by the slurry-based 3DP process. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX

    Google Scholar 

  70. Williams CB, Rosen DW (2007) Cellular materials manufactured via 3D printing of metal oxide powders. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX, 6–8 Aug 2007

    Google Scholar 

  71. Williams CB (2008) Design and development of a layer-based additive manufacturing process for the realization of metal parts of designed mesostructure. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wohlers T (2006) Wohlers Report 2006. Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins, CO

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rapid prototyping: Let it grow. http://deskeng.com/articles/03/may/resourceguide/chart.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2006

  74. Turkcadcam.net. http://www.turkcadcam.net/rapor/otoinsa/tek-harc-yigma-puskurterek.html. Accessed 31 July 2006

  75. Desktop Engineering Magazine. Three printers: Same parts, different results. http://www.deskeng.com/Articles/Hardware-Review/Three-Printers:-Same-Parts,-Different-Results-20051216783.html. Accessed 31 July 2006

  76. Engineer Live. 3D printing reaches out to the desktop and workshops of engineers and designers. http://www.engineerlive.com/homepage/features/14943/3d-printing-reaches-out-to-the-desktops-and-workshops-of-engineers-and-designers.thtml. Accessed 22 July 2006

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gibson, I., Rosen, D., Stucker, B. (2010). Printing Processes. In: Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1120-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1120-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1119-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1120-9

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics