Abstract
The current interpretation of the family and twin data suggest that most of the genetic risk to schizophrenia is conferred by multiple interacting loci, each causing a small increase in risk. As schizophrenia has similar symptoms and roughly similar prevalence throughout the world, a reasonable hypothesis is that at least some loci have effects in many populations. Until recently, there have been only a few undisputed genetic associations to complex non-Mendelian human diseases (for example, the HLA locus association to diabetes), but for many diseases, the advent of genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology has recently altered this situation. GWASs to date have focused on analyzing each individual marker of the 500,000 or more markers on the microarray and presenting the p-values in one large analysis, with statistical significance thresholds adjusted for the extensive multiple testing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allison, D.B. & Casey, D.E. (2001) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62: 22–31
Arolt, V., Lencer, R., Nolte, A., Muller-Myhsok, B., Purmann, S., Schurmann, M., Leutelt, J., Pinnow, M., & Schwinger, E. (1996) Eye tracking dysfunction is a putative phenotypic susceptibility marker of schizophrenia and maps to a locus on chromosome 6p in families with multiple occurrence of the disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics 67: 564–579
Arranz, M.J., Dawson, E., Shaikh, S., Sham, P., Sharma, T., Aitchison, K., Crocq, M.A., Gill, M., Kerwin, R., & Collier, D.A. (1995) Cytochrome P4502D6 genotype does not determine response to clozapine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 39: 417–420
Arranz, M.J., Collier, D.A., Munro, J., Sham, P., Kirov, G., Sodhi, M., Roberts, G., Price, J., & Kerwin, R.W. (1996) Analysis of a structural polymorphism in the 5-HT2A receptor and clinical response to clozapine. Neuroscience Letters 217: 177–178
Arranz, M.J., Munro, J., Sham, P., Kirov, G., Murray, R.M., Collier, D.A., & Kerwin, R.W. (1998a) Meta-analysis of studies on genetic variation in 5-HT2A receptors and clozapine response. Schizophrenia Research 32: 93–99
Arranz, M.J., Li, T., Munro, J., Liu, X., Murray, R., Collier, D.A., & Kerwin, R.W. (1998b) Lack of association between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine-2 receptor gene and clozapine response. Pharmacogenetics 8: 481–484
Arranz, M.J., Munro, J., Birkett, J., Bolonna, A., Mancama, D., Sodhi, M., Lesch, K.P., Meyer, J.F., Sham, P., Collier, D.A., Murray, R.M., & Kerwin, R.W. (2000) Pharmacogenetic prediction of clozapine response. Lancet 355: 1615–1616
Arranz, M.J. & de, L.J. (2007) Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia: a review of last decade of research. Molecular Psychiatry 12: 707–747
Basile, V.S., Masellis, M., Badri, F., Paterson, A.D., Meltzer, H.Y., Lieberman, J.A., Potkin, S.G., Macciardi, F., & Kennedy, J.L. (1999) Association of the MscI polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 17–27
Basile, V.S., Masellis, M., McIntyre, R.S., Meltzer, H.Y., Lieberman, J.A., & Kennedy, J.L. (2001) Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62 Suppl 23: 45–66
Birkett, J.T., Arranz, M.J., Munro, J., Osbourn, S., Kerwin, R.W., & Collier, D.A. (2000) Association analysis of the 5-HT5A gene in depression, psychosis and antipsychotic response. Neuroreport 11: 2017–2020
Bishop, J.R., Ellingrod, V.L., Moline, J., & Miller, D. (2006) Pilot study of the G-protein beta3 subunit gene (C825T) polymorphism and clinical response to olanzapine or olanzapine-related weight gain in persons with schizophrenia. Medical Science Monitor 12: 47–50
Chen, C.H., Wei, F.C., Koong, F.J., & Hsiao, K.J. (1997) Association of TaqI A polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 41: 827–829
Chong, S.A., Tan, E.C., Tan, C.H., Mahendren, R., Tay, A.H., & Chua, H.C. (2000) Tardive dyskinesia is not associated with the serotonin gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in Chinese. American Journal of Medical Genetics 96: 712–715
Ellingrod, V.L., Perry, P.J., Lund, B.C., Bever-Stille, K., Fleming, F., Holman, T.L., & Miller, D. (2002a) 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptor polymorphisms and predicting clinical response to olanzapine in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22: 622–624
Ellingrod, V.L., Miller, D., Schultz, S.K., Wehring, H., & Arndt, S. (2002b) CYP2D6 polymorphisms and atypical antipsychotic weight gain. Psychiatric Genetics 12: 55–58
Esslinger, C., Walter, H., Kirsch, P., Erk, S., Schnell, K., Arnold, C., Haddad, L., Mier, D., Opitz von, B.C., Raab, K., Witt, S.H., Rietschel, M., Cichon, S., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2009) Neural mechanisms of a genome-wide supported psychosis variant. Science 324: 605
Freedman, R., Adler, L.E., & Leonard, S. (1999) Alternative phenotypes for the complex genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45: 551–558
Holzman, P.S., Proctor, L.R., & Hughes, D.W. (1973) Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science 181: 179–181
Hong, C.J., Yu, Y.W., Lin, C.H., Song, H.L., Lai, H.C., Yang, K.H., & Tsai, S.J. (2000) Association study of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 with clinical phenotype and clozapine response in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 42: 172–174
Hong, C.J., Yu, Y.W., Lin, C.H., Cheng, C.Y., & Tsai, S.J. (2001a) Association analysis for NMDA receptor subunit 2B (GRIN2B) genetic variants and psychopathology and clozapine response in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Genetics 11: 219–222
Hong, C.J., Lin, C.H., Yu, Y.W., Yang, K.H., & Tsai, S.J. (2001b) Genetic variants of the serotonin system and weight change during clozapine treatment. Pharmacogenetics 11: 265–268
Hong, C.J., Yu, Y.W., Lin, C.H., & Tsai, S.J. (2003) An association study of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and clozapine response of schizophrenic patients. Neuroscience Letters 349: 206–208
Hwang, R., Shinkai, T., De, L., V, Muller, D.J., Ni, X., Macciardi, F., Potkin, S., Lieberman, J.A., Meltzer, H.Y., & Kennedy, J.L. (2005) Association study of 12 polymorphisms spanning the dopamine D(2) receptor gene and clozapine treatment response in two treatment refractory/intolerant populations. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 181: 179–187
Hwang, R., Shinkai, T., Deluca, V., Macciardi, F., Potkin, S., Meltzer, H.Y., & Kennedy, J.L. (2006) Dopamine D2 receptor gene variants and quantitative measures of positive and negative symptom response following clozapine treatment. European Neuropsychopharmacology 16: 248–259
Hwang, R., Shinkai, T., De, L., V, Ni, X., Potkin, S.G., Lieberman, J.A., Meltzer, H.Y., & Kennedy, J.L. (2007) Association study of four dopamine D1 receptor gene polymorphisms and clozapine treatment response. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21: 718–727
Inada, T., Nakamura, A., & Iijima, Y. (2003) Relationship between catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 120B: 35–39
International Schizophrenia Consortium (2008) Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia. Nature 455: 237–241
Ji, X., Takahashi, N., Branko, A., Ishihara, R., Nagai, T., Mouri, A., Saito, S., Maeno, N., Inada, T., & Ozaki, N. (2008a) An association between serotonin receptor 3B gene (HTR3B) and treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in a Japanese population. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 70: 11–17
Ji, X., Takahashi, N., Saito, S., Ishihara, R., Maeno, N., Inada, T., & Ozaki, N. (2008b) Relationship between three serotonin receptor subtypes (HTR3A, HTR2A and HTR4) and treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Neuroscience Letters 435: 95–98
Kane, J.M. & Smith, J.M. (1982) Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979. Archive of General Psychiatry 39: 473–481
Kane, J., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., & Meltzer, H. (1988) Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry 45: 789–796
Lane, H.Y., Chang, Y.C., Chiu, C.C., Chen, M.L., Hsieh, M.H., & Chang, W.H. (2002) Association of risperidone treatment response with a polymorphism in the 5-HT(2A) receptor gene. American of Journal Psychiatry 159: 1593–1595
Lane, H.Y., Liu, Y.C., Huang, C.L., Chang, Y.C., Wu, P.L., Lu, C.T., Chang, W.H. (2006) Risperidone-related weight gain: genetic and nongenetic predictors. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(2): 128–34
Lencz, T., Lambert, C., Derosse, P., Burdick, K.E., Morgan, T.V., Kane, J.M., Kucherlapati, R., & Malhotra, A.K. (2007) Runs of homozygosity reveal highly penetrant recessive loci in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 19942–19947
Lin, C.H., Tsai, S.J., Yu, Y.W., Song, H.L., Tu, P.C., Sim, C.B., Hsu, C.P., Yang, K.H., & Hong, C.J. (1999) No evidence for association of serotonin-2A receptor variant (102T/C) with schizophrenia or clozapine response in a Chinese population. Neuroreport 10: 57–60
Lin, Y.C., Ellingrod, V.L., Bishop, J.R., & Miller, D. (2006) The relationship between P-glycoprotein (PGP) polymorphisms and response to olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 28: 668–672
Malhotra, A.K., Murphy, G.M., Jr., & Kennedy, J.L. (2004) Pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drug response. American Journal of Psychiatry 161: 780–796
Mancama, D., Arranz, M.J., Munro, J., Osborne, S., Makoff, A., Collier, D., & Kerwin, R. (2002) Investigation of promoter variants of the histamine 1 and 2 receptors in schizophrenia and clozapine response. Neuroscience Letters 333: 207–211
Mancama, D., Mata, I., Kerwin, R.W., & Arranz, M.J. (2007) Choline acetyltransferase variants and their influence in schizophrenia and olanzapine response. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144B: 849–853
Masellis, M., Paterson, A.D., Badri, F., Lieberman, J.A., Meltzer, H.Y., Cavazzoni, P., & Kennedy, J.L. (1995) Genetic variation of 5-HT2A receptor and response to clozapine. Lancet 346: 1108
Masellis, M., Basile, V., Meltzer, H.Y., Lieberman, J.A., Sevy, S., Macciardi, F.M., Cola, P., Howard, A., Badri, F., Nothen, M.M., Kalow, W., & Kennedy, J.L. (1998) Serotonin subtype 2 receptor genes and clinical response to clozapine in schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 19: 123–132
Masellis, M., Basile, V.S., Meltzer, H.Y., Lieberman, J.A., Sevy, S., Goldman, D.A., Hamblin, M.W., Macciardi, F.M., & Kennedy, J.L. (2001) Lack of association between the T–>C 267 serotonin 5-HT6 receptor gene (HTR6) polymorphism and prediction of response to clozapine in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 47: 49–58
Matsumoto, C., Shinkai, T., Hori, H., Ohmori, O., & Nakamura, J. (2004) Polymorphisms of dopamine degradation enzyme (COMT and MAO) genes and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 127: 1–7
Muller, D.J., Schulze, T.G., Knapp, M., Held, T., Krauss, H., Weber, T., Ahle, G., Maroldt, A., Alfter, D., Maier, W., Nothen, M.M., & Rietschel, M. (2001) Familial occurrence of tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104: 375–379
Muller, D.J., De, L., V, Sicard, T., King, N., Hwang, R., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Sheitman, B.B., Lindenmayer, J.P., Citrome, L., McEvoy, J.P., Lieberman, J.A., Meltzer, H.Y., & Kennedy, J.L. (2005a) Suggestive association between the C825T polymorphism of the G-protein beta3 subunit gene (GNB3) and clinical improvement with antipsychotics in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15: 525–531
Muller, D.J., Klempan, T.A., De Luca, V., Sicard, T., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Sheitman, B.B., Lindenmayer, J.P., Citrome, L., McEvoy, J.P., Lieberman, J.A., Honer, W.G., & Kennedy, J.L. (2005b) The SNAP-25 gene may be associated with clinical response and weight gain in antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters 379: 81–89
Muller, D.J. & Kennedy, J.L. (2006) Genetics of antipsychotic treatment emergent weight gain in schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics 7: 863–887
Mundo, E., Altamura, A.C., Vismara, S., Zanardini, R., Bignotti, S., Randazzo, R., Montresor, C., & Gennarelli, M. (2005) MCP-1 gene (SCYA2) and schizophrenia: a case-control association study. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 132B: 1–4
Muscettola, G., Pampallona, S., Barbato, G., Casiello, M., & Bollini, P. (1993) Persistent tardive dyskinesia: demographic and pharmacological risk factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 87: 29–36
O’Donovan, M.C., Craddock, N., Norton, N., Williams, H., Peirce, T., Moskvina, V., Nikolov, I., Hamshere, M., Carroll, L., Georgieva, L., Dwyer, S., Holmans, P., Marchini, J.L., Spencer, C.C., Howie, B., Leung, H.T., Hartmann, A.M., Moller, H.J., Morris, D.W., Shi, Y., Feng, G., Hoffmann, P., Propping, P., Vasilescu, C., Maier, W., Rietschel, M., Zammit, S., Schumacher, J., Quinn, E.M., Schulze, T.G., Williams, N.M., Giegling, I., Iwata, N., Ikeda, M., Darvasi, A., Shifman, S., He, L., Duan, J., Sanders, A.R., Levinson, D.F., Gejman, P.V., Cichon, S., Nothen, M.M., Gill, M., Corvin, A., Rujescu, D., Kirov, G., Owen, M.J., Buccola, N.G., Mowry, B.J., Freedman, R., Amin, F., Black, D.W., Silverman, J.M., Byerley, W.F., & Cloninger, C.R. (2008) Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up. Nature Genetics 40: 1053–1055
Ohmori, O., Shinkai, T., Hori, H., & Nakamura, J. (2002) Genetic association analysis of 5-HT(6) receptor gene polymorphism (267C/T) with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Research 110: 97–102
Ozdemir, V., Basile, V.S., Masellis, M., & Kennedy, J.L. (2001) Pharmacogenetic assessment of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders: contribution of the dopamine D3 receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 genes. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysics Methods 47: 151–157
Rietschel, M., Naber, D., Oberlander, H., Holzbach, R., Fimmers, R., Eggermann, K., Moller, H.J., Propping, P., & Nothen, M.M. (1996) Efficacy and side-effects of clozapine: testing for association with allelic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Neuropsychopharmacology 15: 491–496
Rietschel, M., Naber, D., Fimmers, R., Moller, H.J., Propping, P., & Nothen, M.M. (1997) Efficacy and side-effects of clozapine not associated with variation in the 5-HT2C receptor. Neuroreport 8: 1999–2003
Ruaño, G., Goethe, J.W., Caley, C., Woolley, S., Holford, T.R., Kocherla, M., Windemuth, A., & de Leon, J. (2007) Physiogenomic comparison of weight profiles of olanzapine- and risperidone-treated patients. Molecular Psychiatry 12: 474–482
Schäfer, M., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Guntermann, A., Erfurth, A., Bondy, B., & Moller, H.J. (2001) Association of short-term response to haloperidol treatment with a polymorphism in the dopamine D(2) receptor gene. American Journal of Psychiatry 158: 802–804
Schooler, N.R. & Kane, J.M. (1982) Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry 39: 486–487
Segman, R.H., Heresco-Levy, U., Finkel, B., Inbar, R., Neeman, T., Schlafman, M., Dorevitch, A., Yakir, A., Lerner, A., Goltser, T., Shelevoy, A., & Lerer, B. (2000) Association between the serotonin 2C receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia: additive contribution of 5-HT2Cser and DRD3gly alleles to susceptibility. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 152: 408–413
Segman, R.H., Heresco-Levy, U., Finkel, B., Goltser, T., Shalem, R., Schlafman, M., Dorevitch, A., Yakir, A., Greenberg, D., Lerner, A., & Lerer, B. (2001) Association between the serotonin 2A receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 6: 225–229
Segman, R.H., Goltser, T., Heresco-Levy, U., Finkel, B., Shalem, R., Schlafman, M., Yakir, A., Greenberg, D., Strous, R., Lerner, A., Shelevoy, A., & Lerer, B. (2003) Association of dopaminergic and serotonergic genes with tardive dyskinesia in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics Journal 3: 277–283
Shaikh, S., Collier, D., Kerwin, R.W., Pilowsky, L.S., Gill, M., Xu, W.M., & Thornton, A. (1993) Dopamine D4 receptor subtypes and response to clozapine. Lancet 341: 116
Shaikh, S., Collier, D.A., Sham, P., Pilowsky, L., Sharma, T., Lin, L.K., Crocq, M.A., Gill, M., & Kerwin, R. (1995) Analysis of clozapine response and polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Medical Genetics 60: 541–545
Shaikh, S., Collier, D.A., Sham, P.C., Ball, D., Aitchison, K., Vallada, H., Smith, I., Gill, M., & Kerwin, R.W. (1996) Allelic association between a Ser-9-Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Human Genetics 97: 714–719
Sodhi, M.S., Arranz, M.J., Curtis, D., Ball, D.M., Sham, P., Roberts, G.W., Price, J., Collier, D.A., & Kerwin, R.W. (1995) Association between clozapine response and allelic variation in the 5-HT2C receptor gene. Neuroreport 7: 169–172
Souza, R.P., Romano-Silva, M.A., Lieberman, J.A., Meltzer, H.Y., Wong, A.H., & Kennedy, J.L. (2008) Association study of GSK3 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia and clozapine response. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 200: 177–186
Srivastava, V., Varma, P.G., Prasad, S., Semwal, P., Nimgaonkar, V.L., Lerer, B., Deshpande, S.N., & BK, T. (2006) Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia among schizophrenia subjects: IV. Role of dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 16: 111–117
Steen, V.M., Lovlie, R., MacEwan, T., & McCreadie, R.G. (1997) Dopamine D3-receptor gene variant and susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Molecular Psychiatry 2: 139–145
Stefansson, H., Rujescu, D., Cichon, S., Pietilainen, O.P., Ingason, A., Steinberg, S., Fossdal, R., Sigurdsson, E., Sigmundsson, T., Buizer-Voskamp, J.E., Hansen, T., Jakobsen, K.D., Muglia, P., Francks, C., Matthews, P.M., Gylfason, A., Halldorsson, B.V., Gudbjartsson, D., Thorgeirsson, T.E., Sigurdsson, A., Jonasdottir, A., Jonasdottir, A., Bjornsson, A., Mattiasdottir, S., Blondal, T., Haraldsson, M., Magnusdottir, B.B., Giegling, I., Moller, H.J., Hartmann, A., Shianna, K.V., Ge, D., Need, A.C., Crombie, C., Fraser, G., Walker, N., Lonnqvist, J., Suvisaari, J., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Paunio, T., Toulopoulou, T., Bramon, E., Di, F.M., Murray, R., Ruggeri, M., Vassos, E., Tosato, S., Walshe, M., Li, T., Vasilescu, C., Muhleisen, T.W., Wang, A.G., Ullum, H., Djurovic, S., Melle, I., Olesen, J., Kiemeney, L.A., Franke, B., Sabatti, C., Freimer, N.B., Gulcher, J.R., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Kong, A., Andreassen, O.A., Ophoff, R.A., Georgi, A., Rietschel, M., Werge, T., Petursson, H., Goldstein, D.B., Nothen, M.M., Peltonen, L., Collier, D.A., St, Clair, D., & Stefansson, K. (2008) Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 455: 232–236
Suzuki, A., Kondo, T., Mihara, K., Yasui-Furukori, N., Ishida, M., Furukori, H., Kaneko, S., Inoue, Y., & Otani, K. (2001) The -141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene promoter region is associated with anxiolytic and antidepressive effects during treatment with dopamine antagonists in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacogenetics 11: 545–550
Tamminga, C.A., Thaker, G.K., Buchanan, R., Kirkpatrick, B., Alphs, L.D., Chase, T.N., & Carpenter, W.T. (1992) Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 49: 522–530
Thaker, G.K. & Carpenter, W.T., Jr. (2001) Advances in schizophrenia. Nature Medicine 7: 667–671
Theisen, F.M., Gebhardt, S., Haberhausen, M., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., Wehmeier, P.M., Krieg, J.C., Kuhnau, W., Schmidtke, J., Remschmidt, H., & Hebebrand, J. (2005) Clozapine-induced weight gain: a study in monozygotic twins and same-sex sib pairs. Psychiatric Genetics 15: 285–289
Tsai, S.J., Hong, C.J., Yu, Y.W., Lin, C.H., Song, H.L., Lai, H.C., Yang, K.H. (2000) Association study of a functional serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with schizophrenia, psychopathology and clozapine response. Schizophr Res 44(3): 177–81
Tsai, S.J., Wang, Y.C., Yu Younger, W.Y., Lin, C.H., Yang, K.H., & Hong, C.J. (2001) Association analysis of polymorphism in the promoter region of the alpha2a-adrenoceptor gene with schizophrenia and clozapine response. Schizophrenia Research 49: 53–58
Tsai, S.J., Yu, Y.W., Lin, C.H., Wang, Y.C., Chen, J.Y., & Hong, C.J. (2004) Association study of adrenergic beta3 receptor (Trp64Arg) and G-protein beta3 subunit gene (C825T) polymorphisms and weight change during clozapine treatment. Neuropsychobiology 50: 37–40
Walsh, T., McClellan, J.M., McCarthy, S.E., Addington, A.M., Pierce, S.B., Cooper, G.M., Nord, A.S., Kusenda, M., Malhotra, D., Bhandari, A., Stray, S.M., Rippey, C.F., Roccanova, P., Makarov, V., Lakshmi, B., Findling, R.L., Sikich, L., Stromberg, T., Merriman, B., Gogtay, N., Butler, P., Eckstrand, K., Noory, L., Gochman, P., Long, R., Chen, Z., Davis, S., Baker, C., Eichler, E.E., Meltzer, P.S., Nelson, S.F., Singleton, A.B., Lee, M.K., Rapoport, J.L., King, M.C., & Sebat, J. (2008) Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 320: 539–543
Wang, L., Fang, C., Zhang, A., Du, J., Yu, L., Ma, J., Feng, G., Xing, Q., & He, L. (2008) The –1019 C/G polymorphism of the 5-HT(1)A receptor gene is associated with negative symptom response to risperidone treatment in schizophrenia patients. Journal of Psychopharmacology 22: 904–909
Wehmeier, P.M., Gebhardt, S., Schmidtke, J., Remschmidt, H., Hebebrand, J., & Theisen, F.M. (2005) Clozapine: weight gain in a pair of monozygotic twins concordant for schizophrenia and mild mental retardation. Psychiatry Research 133: 273–276
Weiss, E.L., Longhurst, J.G., Bowers, M.B., Jr., & Mazure, C.M. (1999) Olanzapine for treatment-refractory psychosis in patients responsive to, but intolerant of, clozapine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 19: 378–380
Wilson, W.H. (1996) Time required for initial improvement during clozapine treatment of refractory schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 153: 951–952
Woerner, M.G., Kane, J.M., Lieberman, J.A., Alvir, J., Bergmann, K.J., Borenstein, M., Schooler, N.R., Mukherjee, S., Rotrosen, J., & Rubinstein, M. ( 1991) The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 11: 34–42
Yamanouchi, Y., Iwata, N., Suzuki, T., Kitajima, T., Ikeda, M., & Ozaki, N. (2003) Effect of DRD2, 5-HT2A, and COMT genes on antipsychotic response to risperidone. Pharmacogenomics Journal 3: 356–361
Yassa, R. & Ananth, J. (1981) Familial tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 138: 1618–1619
Yassa, R. & Jeste, D.V. (1992) Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin 18: 701–715
Yasui-Furukori, N., Saito, M., Nakagami, T., Kaneda, A., Tateishi, T., & Kaneko, S. (2006) Association between multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene polymorphisms and therapeutic response to bromperidol in schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30: 286–291
Youssef, H., Lyster, G., & Youssef, F. (1989) Familial psychosis and vulnerability to tardive dyskinesia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 4: 323–328
Yu, Y.W., Tsai, S.J., Lin, C.H., Hsu, C.P., Yang, K.H., & Hong, C.J. (1999) Serotonin-6 receptor variant (C267T) and clinical response to clozapine. Neuroreport 10: 1231–1233
Zai, G., Muller, D.J., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Lieberman, J.A., Meltzer, H.Y., & Kennedy, J.L. (2006) Family and case-control association study of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene with schizophrenia and response to antipsychotic medication. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 188: 171–182
Zalsman, G., Frisch, A., Lev-Ran, S., Martin, A., Michaelovsky, E., Bensason, D., Gothelf, D., Nahshoni, E., Tyano, S., & Weizman, A. (2003) DRD4 exon III polymorphism and response to risperidone in Israeli adolescents with schizophrenia: a pilot pharmacogenetic study. European Neuropsychopharmacology 13: 183–185
Zhang, Z.J., Yao, Z.J., Mou, X.D., Chen, J.F., Zhu, R.X., Liu, W., Zhang, X.R., Sun, J., & Hou, G. (2003) [Association of -2548G/A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of leptin gene with antipsychotic agent-induced weight gain]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83: 2119–2123
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Souza, R.P., Romano Silva, M.A., Kennedy, J.L. (2010). Progress in Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia. In: Gattaz, W., Busatto, G. (eds) Advances in Schizophrenia Research 2009. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0913-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0913-8_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0912-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0913-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)