Skip to main content

Form Follows Function: Bridging Neuroscience and Architecture

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainable Environmental Design in Architecture

Part of the book series: Springer Optimization and Its Applications ((SOIA,volume 56))

Abstract

“Primum non nocere”, the guiding principle of medicine credited to Hippocrates, emphatically asks that we first do no harm; our architectural principles must serve the same goal. Yet, too often the form and function of architectural environments neglect to take into account the influence of the built setting on human responses and indeed, on human health itself. How can we assess this influence in an objective, consistent manner? Can we predict what this influence in the early stages of design and before the structure is built? An emerging discipline, one that bridges neuroscience and architecture, is beginning to provide more rigorous methodologies and a growing number of research reports that explores the interaction between brain, body, building, and the environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Guenther R. (2009) Sustainable architecture for health: a mindset shift. HERD. 2009 Summer;2(4):3–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21165839. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  2. Edelstein EA, Hill H (2008) Evidence for sustainable design that benefits human health and performance. City Center Development Corps Best Practices in Urban Sustainability Award. http://www.ccdc.com/media-and-publications/news/archived-news-2008. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  3. DeFanti, T.A., Dawe, G., Sandin, D.J., Schulze, J.P., Otto, P., Girado, J., Kuester, F., Smarr, L., Rao, R., “The StarCAVE, A third-generation CAVE and virtual reality OptIPortal,” Future generation computer systems/The international journal of grid computing: Theory, methods and applications, Elsevier B.V. 25(2):169–178. DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2008.07.015

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang, L., Chi, Y.M., Edelstein, E.A., Schulze, J., Gramann, K., Velasquez, A., Cauwenberghs, G., and Macagno, E. (2010). Wireless Physiological Monitoring and Ocular Tracking: 3D Calibration in a Fully-Immersive Virtual Health Care Environment. 32nd Annual International Conference of theIEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. http://www.isn.ucsd.edu/pubs/embc10_eog.pdf Accessed 1 February 2011.

  5. Ibid. Zhang et al. (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Selander J, Bluhm G, Theorell T, Pershagen G, Babisch W, Seiffert I, Houthuijs D, Breugelmans O, Vigna-Taglianti F, Antoniotti MC, Velonakis E, Davou E, Dudley ML, Järup L; HYENA Consortium. Saliva cortisol and exposure to aircraft noise in six European countries. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Nov;117(11):1713–7. Epub 2009 Jul 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049122. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  7. Ising H, Braun C (2000) Acute and chronic endocrine effects of noise: Review of the research conducted at the Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Noise Health. (7):7–24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12689468. Accessed 1 February 2011.

  8. Ising H, Kruppa B (2004) Health effects caused by noise: Evidence in the literature from the past 25 years. Noise Health. 6:22:5–13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070524. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ising H, Ising M (2002) Chronic cortisol increases in the first half of the night caused by road traffic noise. Noise Health. 4:16:13–21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537837

  10. Edelstein, E. A., McCoy, L. Wilson, S. Stephens, K., The Mind, Body, and the Healing Environment: Sustaining a Measureable Balance. Planetree Annual Conference. October 21, 2008. Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Busch-Vishniac IJ, West JE, Barnhill C, Hunter T, Orellana D, Chivukula R. (2005) Noise levels in Johns Hopkins Hospital. J Acoust Soc Am. 2005 Dec;118(6):3629–45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16419808. Accessed 1 February 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Zun LS, Downey L. (2005) The effect of noise in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Jul;12(7):663–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995101. Accessed 1 February 2011.

  13. Edelstein-Williams, EA. (2000) Clinical Applications of Otoacoustic Emissions in the Assessment of Olivocochlear Dysfunction. Ph.D. Thesis. University College London.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Tourtier JP, Fontaine E, Coste S, Ramsang S, Schiano P, Viaggi M, Libert N, Durand X, Chargari C, Borne M. (2010) In flight auscultation: comparison of electronic and conventional stethoscopes. Am J Emerg Med. 2010 Jul 30 [Epub ahead of print]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20674225. Accessed 1 February 2011.

  15. James KL, Barlow D, McArtney R, Hiom S, Roberts D, Whittlesea C. (2009) Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors: a review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009 Feb 17(1):9–30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20218026. Accessed 1 February 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Edelstein, E. A., Sound Advice: How Environmental Audits Reveal Urgent Drivers to Modify the Acoustic Profile in Healthcare Settings. Healthcare Design Conference. November 15, 2010. Las Vegas, NV.

    Google Scholar 

  17. O’Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Res, 34(1), 171–175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5124915. Accessed 1 February 2011.

  18. McNaughton, B. L., Battaglia, F. P., Jensen, O., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M. B. (2006). Path integration and the neural basis of the ‘cognitive map’. Nat Rev Neurosci, 7(8), 663–678. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16858394. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  19. Aguirre, G. K., & D’Esposito, M. (1999). Topographical disorientation: a synthesis and taxonomy. Brain, 122, 1613–1628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10468502. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  20. Edelstein, E. A., Gramann, K., Schulze, J., Shamlo, N. B., van Erp, E., Vankov, A. Makeig, S., Wolszon, L., Macagno, E. Neural Responses during Navigation and Wayfinding in the Virtual Aided Design Laboratory – Brain Dynamics of Re-Orientation in Architecturally Ambiguous Space. In SFB/TR 8 Report No. Report Series of the Transregional Collaborative Research Center SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition. Haq, S., Hölscher, C., Torgrude, S. (Eds.) 2008 (p35–41). http://www.calit2.net/∼jschulze/publications/Edelstein2008.pdf Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  21. McCarthy M (2004) Healthy design. Lancet. 2004 Jul 31-Aug 6;364(9432):405–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15290839. Accessed 1 February 2011.

  22. Lemmer B (2009) Discoveries of rhythms in human biological functions: a historical review. Chronobiol Int. 26:6:1019–68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731105. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E, Rollag MD. (2001) Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci. 21(16):6405–12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487664. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ (2001) An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol. 15:535:261–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507175. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Gooley JJ, Rajaratnam SM, Brainard GC, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. (2010) Spectral Responses of the Human Circadian System Depend on the Irradiance and Duration of Exposure to Light. Sci Transl Med 12 May 2010 2:31ra33. DOI:10.1126.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Edelstein EA, Ellis RJ, Sollers III JJ, Thayer JF (2007) The effects of lighting on autonomic control of the heart. Society for Psychophysiological Research Proceedings. 60:108. http://www.sprweb.org/meeting/past_mtng/2007/07SPRFinalb.pdf. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  27. Thayer JF, R.D. Lane (2007). The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Biol Psychol 74(2):224–42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17182165. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Edelstein, E.A. Influence of Architectural Lighting on Health. InformeDesign, Epub. 2009, 7(2):1–5. http://www.informedesign.org/_news/april_v07r-pr.2.pdf. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  29. Chong, G. H., Brandt, R. M., Cranz, G. Denton B. P., Doctors, S. I., Edelstein, E. A., Mangel, R. S., Martin, W. M. (2008) AIA College of Fellows 2005 Latrobe Fellowship: Developing an Evidence-Based Design Model that Measures Human Response: A Pilot Study of a Collaborative, Trans-Disciplinary Model in a Healthcare Setting. American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. http://www.aia.org/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab082986.pdf. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  30. Gooley JJ, Rajaratnam SM, Brainard GC, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW (2010) Spectral Responses of the Human Circadian System Depend on the Irradiance and Duration of Exposure to Light. Sci Transl Med 12 May 2010 2:31ra33. DOI:10.1126.

    Google Scholar 

  31. McColl SL, Veitch JA (2001) Full spectrum fluorescent lighting: a review of its effects on physiology and health. Psychol Med. 31:949–964. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11513381. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  32. Schernhammer ES, Thompson CA (2010) Light at night and health: the perils of rotating shift work. Occup Environ Med. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921271. Accessed 30 Jan 2011. http://oem.bmj.com/content/early/2010/10/04/oem.2010.058222.long

  33. Stevens RG, Blask DE, Brainard GC, Hansen J, Lockley SW, Provencio I, Rea MS, Reinlib L (2007) Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environ Health Perspect. 115:9:1357–62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805428. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  34. Beauchemin KM, Hays P (1996) Sunny hospital rooms expedite recovery from severe and refractory depressions. J Affective Disord 40:49–51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8882914. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Buchanan TL, Barker KN, Gibson JT, Jiang BC, Pearson RE. Illumination and errors in dispensing. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991; 48(10)2137–45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1781468. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  36. U.S. Green Building Council® (2009) LEED for Healthcare. Professional Report. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=8257. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  37. Edelstein EA, Hill H (2008) Evidence for sustainable design that benefits human health and performance. City Center Development Corps Best Practices in Urban Sustainability Award. http://www.ccdc.com/media-and-publications/news/archived-news-2008/594-ccdc-news-ccdc-announces-winners-for-urban-sustainability-papers.html. Accessed 30 Jan 2011.

  38. Edelstein EA. (2007) The effects of colour and light. World Health Design. 2: 57–61. http://www.worldhealthdesign.com/The-Effects-Of-Colour-And-Light.aspx. Accessed 30 Jan 2001.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The Neuroscience Design team acknowledges Calit2 and UCSD for supporting the projects described here including the contributions of Gert Cauwenberghs, Michael Chi, Nicholas Echols, Joachim Gossmann, Peter Otto, Jurgen Schulze, Cory Stevenson, Toshiro Yamada, and Lelin Zhang, Thomas DeFanti and Ramesh Roa. We also acknowledge Randy Peterson and Alvaro Velasquez for use of their models, and a generous gift in support of the project from HMC Architects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eve A. Edelstein .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Edelstein, E.A., Macagno, E. (2012). Form Follows Function: Bridging Neuroscience and Architecture. In: Rassia, S.T., Pardalos, P.M. (eds) Sustainable Environmental Design in Architecture. Springer Optimization and Its Applications(), vol 56. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0745-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics