Abstract
This chapter explores the relation between breast cancer risk and the use of non-hormonal medications and chronic diseases. Many drugs and diseases have been linked with breast cancer in case reports and epidemiologic studies. This chapter covers those major medications and diseases where there is adequate epidemiologic evidence for evaluation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Achiron A, Barak Y, Gail M, Mandel M, Pee D et al (2005) Cancer incidence in multiple sclerosis and effects of immunomodulatory treatments. Breast Cancer Res Treat 89:265–270
ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2002) Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981–2997
Amato MP, Pracucci G, Ponziani G, Siracusa G, Fratiglioni L, Amaducci L (1993) Long-term safety of azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 43:831–833
Arun B, Miller A, Isaacs K, Saxton KP, Brown P, Elledge R (2005) Accquisition of breast tissue in a biomarker modulation study using bexarotene in women at high risk of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol ASCO Annucal Meeting Proceedings. 23(16S):1002
Ashbury FD, Madlensky L, Raich P, Thompson M, Whitney G et al (2003) Antidepressant prescribing in community cancer care. Support Care Cancer 11:278–285
Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Bertilsson L et al (2005) Risks of solid cancers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and after treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1421–1426
Baron JA (2003) Epidemiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cancer. Prog Exp Tumor Res 37:1–24
Beck P, Wysowski DK, Downey W, Butler-Jones D (2003) Statin use and the risk of breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 56:280–285
Bergasa NV (1998) Primary biliary cirrhosis in patients with breast cancer: studying the link. Med Hypotheses 50:465–472
Bernatsky S, Boivin JF, Joseph L, St Pierre Y, Moore A, Rajan R, Clarke A (2002) Prevalence of factors influencing cancer risk in women with lupus: social habits, reproductive issues, and obesity. J Rheumatol 29:2551–2554
Bernatsky S, Boivin JF, Joseph L, Rajan R, Zoma A et al (2005a) An international cohort study of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 52:1481–1490
Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Clarke A (2005b) Exploring the links between systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer. Rheum Dis Clin Am 31:387–402
Blais L, Desgagne A, LeLorier J (2000) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and the risk of cancer: a nested case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160:2363–2368
Bonanni B, Lazzeroni M, Veronesi U (2007) Synthetic retinoid fenretinide in breast cancer chemoprevention. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7:423–432
Bordeleau L, Pritchard K, Goodwin P, Loprinzi C (2007) Therapeutic options for the management of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: an evidence-based review. Clin Ther 29:230–241
Boudreau DM, Gardner JS, Malone KE, Heckbert SR, Blough DK, Daling JR (2004) The association between 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl conenzyme A inhibitor use and breast carcinoma risk among postmenopausal women: a case-control study. Cancer 100:2308–2316
Boudreau DM, Yu O, Miglioretti DL, Buist DS, Heckbert SR, Daling JR (2007) Statin use and breast cancer risk in a large population-based setting. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:416–421
Brandes LJ, Arron RJ, Bogdanovic RP, Tong J, Zaborniak CL et al (1992) Stimulation of malignant growth in rodents by antidepressant drugs at clinically relevant doses. Cancer Res 52:3796–3800
Brtko J (2007) Role of retinoids and their cognate nuclear receptors in breast cancer chemoprevention. Cent Eur J Public Health 15:3–6
Cauley JA, McTiernan A, Rodabough RJ, LaCroix A, Bauer DC et al (2006) Statin use and breast cancer: prospective results from the Women’s Health Initiative. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:700–707
Cauley JA, Zmuda JM, Lui LY, Hillier TA, Ness RB et al (2003) Lipid-lowering drug use and breast cancer in older women: a prospective study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 12:749–756
Chubak J, Buist DS, Boudreau DM, Rossing MA, Lumley T, Weiss NS (2007) Breast cancer recurrence risk in relation to antidepressant use after diagnosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 112:123–132
Confavreux C, Saddier P, Grimaud J, Moreau T, Adeleine P, Aimard G (1996) Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 46:1607–1612
Coogan PF (2006) Review of the epidemiological literature on antidepressant use and breast cancer risk. Expert Rev Neurother 6:1363–1374
Coogan PF, Rosenberg L, Strom BL (2007) Statin use and the risk of 10 cancers. Epidemiology 18:213–219
Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM et al (2005) Low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294:47–55
Cotterchio M, Kreiger N, Darlington G, Steingart A (2000) Antidepressant medication use and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 151:951–957
Coughlin SS, Calle EE, Teras LR, Petrelli J, Thun MJ (2004) Diabetes mellitus as a predictor of cancer mortality in a large cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 159:1160–1167
Cristofanilli M, Yamamura Y, Kau SW, Bevers T, Strom S et al (2005) Thyroid hormone and breast carcinoma. Primary hypothyroidism is associated with a reduced incidence of primary breast carcinoma. Cancer 103:1122–1128
Dale KM, Coleman CI, Henyan NN, Kluger J, White CM (2006) Statins and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. JAMA 295:74–80
Daling JR (1996) Calcium channel blockers and cancer: is an association biologically plausible?. Am J Hypertens 9:713–714
Demierre MF, Higgins PD, Gruber SB, Hawk E, Lippman SM (2005) Statins and cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer 5:930–942
Didham RC, Reith DM, McConnell DW, Harrison KS (2005) Antibiotic exposure and breast cancer in New Zealand. Breast Cancer Res Treat 92:163–167
Duncan RE, El-Sohemy A, Archer MC (2007) Statins and cancer. Epidemiology 18:520
Egan KM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Rosner BA, Colditz GA (1996) Prospective study of regular aspirin use and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:988–993
Eliassen AH, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE (2005) Serum lipids, lipid-lowering drugs, and the risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 165:2264–2271
Extermann M (2007) Interaction between comorbidity and cancer. Cancer Control 14:13–22
Felmeden DC, Lip GY (2001) Antihypertensive therapy and cancer risk. Drug Saf 24:727–739
Fitzpatrick AL, Daling JR, Furberg CD, Kronmal RA, Weissfeld JL (1997) Use of calcium channel blockers and breast carcinoma risk in postmenopausal women. Cancer 80:1438–1447
Friedman GD, Oestreicher N, Chan J, Quesenberry CP Jr, Udaltsova N, Habel LA (2006) Antibiotics and risk of breast cancer: up to 9 years of follow-up of 2.1 million women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:2102–2106
Friis S, Poulsen AH, Johnsen SP, McLaughlin JK, Fryzek JP et al (2005) Cancer risk among statin users: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 114:643–647
Friis S, Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, McLaughlin JK, Nielsen GL et al (2001) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of cancer: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Cancer 92:2462–2470
Friis S, Thomassen L, Sorensen HT, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Cronin-Fenton DP et al (2008) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk: a Danish cohort study. Eur J Cancer Prev 17:88–96
Fryzek JP, Poulsen AH, Lipworth L, Pedersen L, Norgaard M et al (2006) A cohort study of antihypertensive medication use and breast cancer among Danish women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 97:231–236
Garcia Rodriguez LA, Gonzalez-Perez A (2005) Use of antibiotics and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 161:616–619
Gierach GL, Lacey JV, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF, Richesson D, Hollenbeck AR et al (2008) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Breast Cancer Res 10:R38 (doi: 10.1186/bcr2089)
Gill JK, Maskarinec G, Wilkens LR, Pike MC, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN (2007) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 166:1150–1158
Goldman MB (1990) Thyroid diseases and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 12:16–28
Gonzalez-Perez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Lopez-Ridaura R (2003) Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cancer sites other than the colon and rectum: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 3:28
Gonzalez-Perez A, Ronquist G, Garcia Rodriguez LA (2004) Breast cancer incidence and use of antihypertensive medication in women. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 13:581–585
Graaf MR, Beiderbeck AB, Egberts AC, Richel DJ, Guchelaar HJ (2004) The risk of cancer in users of statins. J Clin Oncol 22:2388–2394
Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Ekbom A, Klareskog L, Adami HO et al (1993) Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:307–311
Grossman E, Messerli FH, Goldbourt U (2001) Antihypertensive therapy and the risk of malignancies. Eur Heart J 22:1343–1352
Harris RE, Chlebowski RT, Jackson RD, Frid DJ, Ascenseo JL et al (2003) Breast cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: prospective results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Res 63:6096–6101
Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR (1985) Exclusion bias and the false relationship of reserpine and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 145:1873–1875
Howel D, Metcalf JV, Gray J, Newman WL, Jones DE, James OF (1999) Cancer risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a study in northern England. Gut 45:756–760
Hudson AG, Gierach GL, Modugno F, Simpson J, Wilson JW, Evans RW et al (2008) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and serum total estradiol in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:680–687
Jacobs EJ, Thun MJ, Bain EB, Rodriguez C, Henley SJ, Calle EE (2007) A large cohort study of long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin and cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:608–615
Johnson TW, Anderson KE, Lazovich D, Folsom AR (2002) Association of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1586–1591
Kaye JA, Jick H (2004) Statin use and cancer risk in the General Practice Research Database. Br J Cancer 90:635–637
Kaye JA, Jick H (2005) Antibiotics and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 16:688–690
Khuder SA, Mutgi AB (2001) Breast cancer and NSAID use: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 84:1188–1192
Knekt P, Adlercreutz H, Rissanen H, Aromaa A, Teppo L, Heliovaara M (2000) Does antibacterial treatment for urinary tract infection contribute to the risk of breast cancer?. Br J Cancer 82:1107–1110
Kwan ML, Habel LA, Flick ED, Quesenberry CP, Caan B (2008) Post-diagnosis statin use and breast cancer recurrence in a prospective cohort study of early stage breast cancer survivors. Br Cancer Res Treat 109:573–579
Largent JA, McEligot AJ, Ziogas A, Reid C, Hess J et al (2006) Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk. J Hum Hypertens 20:727–732
Lever AF, Hole DJ, Gillis CR, McCallum IR, McInnes GT et al (1998) Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer?. Lancet 352:179–184
Li CI, Malone KE, Weiss NS, Boudreau DM, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR (2003) Relation between use of antihypertensive medications and risk of breast carcinoma among women ages 65–79 years. Cancer 98:1504–1513
Lindberg H, Nielsen D, Jensen BV, Eriksen J, Skovsgaard T (2004) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for cancer treatment?. Acta Oncol 43:142–152
Lindgren A, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (2007) Incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal, hypertensive women. Int J Cancer 121:641–644
Lindholm LH, Anderson H, Ekbom T, Hansson L, Lanke J et al (2001) Relation between drug treatment and cancer in hypertensives in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension 2: a 5-year, prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 358:539–544
Mangiapane S, Blettner M, Schlattmann P (2008) Aspirin use and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from 2001 to 2005. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety 17:115–124
Manjer J, Kaaks R, Riboli E, Berglund G (2001) Risk of breast cancer in relation to anthropometry, blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose metabolism: a prospective study within the Malmo Preventive Project. Eur J Cancer Prev 10:33–42
Marshall SF, Bernstein L, Anton-Culver H, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL et al (2005) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk by stage and hormone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:805–812
McKenna MC, Zevon MA, Corn B, Rounds J (1999) Psychosocial factors and the development of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol 18:520–531
McTiernan A, Wu L, Barnabei VM, Chen C, Hendrix S, Modugno F et al (2008) Relation of demographic factors, menstrual history, reproduction and medication use to sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 108:217–231
Meier CR, Derby LE, Jick SS, Jick H (2000) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 160:349–353
Meier CR, Schmitz S, Jick H (2002) Association between acetaminophen or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of developing ovarian, breast, or colon cancer. Pharmacotherapy 22:303–309
Mellemkjaer L, Linet MS, Gridley G, Frisch M, Moller H, Olsen JH (1996) Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 32A:1753–1757
Michels KB, Rosner BA, Walker AM, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al (1998) Calcium channel blockers, cancer incidence, and cancer mortality in a cohort of U.S. women: the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer 83:2003–2007
Michels KB, Solomon CG, Hu FB, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE et al (2003) Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study. Diabetes Care 26:1752–1758
Midgard R, Glattre E, Gronning M, Riise T, Edland A, Nyland H (1996) Multiple sclerosis and cancer in Norway. A retrospective cohort study. Acta Neurol Scand 93:411–415
Moller H, Kneller RW, Boice JD Jr, Olsen JH (1991) Cancer incidence following hospitalization for multiple sclerosis in Denmark. Acta Neurol Scand 84:214–220
National Cancer Institute (1998) http://www.cancer/clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed 7 Nov 2007
Nielsen NM, Rostgaard K, Rasmussen S, Koch-Henriksen N, Storm HH et al (2006) Cancer risk among patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based register study. Int J Cancer 118:979–984
Nijhawan PK, Therneau TM, Dickson ER, Boynton J, Lindor KD (1999) Incidence of cancer in primary biliary cirrhosis: the Mayo experience. Hepatology 29:1396–1398
Peeters PH, van Noord PA, Hoes AW, Fracheboud J, Gimbrere CH, Grobbee DE (2000) Hypertension and breast cancer risk in a 19-year follow-up study (the DOM cohort). Diagnostic investigation into mammarian cancer. J Hypertens 18:249–254
Pocobelli G, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, Titus-Ernstoff L, Hampton JM, Egan KM (2008) Statin use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer 112:27–33
Ristimaki A, Sivula A, Lundin J, Lundin M, Salminen T et al (2002) Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 62:632–635
Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, Brill AB, Curtis RE et al (1998) Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study Group. JAMA 280:347–355
Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Palmer JR, Strom BL, Stolley PD et al (1998) Calcium channel blockers and the risk of cancer. JAMA 279:1000–1004
Seeger H, Wallwiener D, Mueck AO (2003) Statins can inhibit proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 111:47–48
Setoguchi S, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Mogun H, Schneeweiss S (2007) Statins and the risk of lung, breast, and colorectal cancer in the elderly. Circulation 115:27–33
Setoguchi S, Solomon DH, Weinblatt ME, Katz JN, Avorn J et al (2006) Tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist use and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54:2757–2764
SHEP Cooperative Research Group (1991) Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 265:3255–3264
Simon MS, Tang MT, Bernstein L, Norman SA, Weiss L et al (2002) Do thyroid disorders increase the risk of breast cancer?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1574–1578
Singh-Ranger G, Salhab M, Mokbel K (2008) The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer: review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 109:189–198
Smyth PP (2000) Autoimmune thyroid disease and breast cancer: a chance association?. J Endocrinol Invest 23:42–43
Sorensen HT, Skriver MV, Friis S, McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Baron JA (2005) Use of antibiotics and risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. Br J Cancer 92:594–596
Taketo MM (1998) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in tumorigenesis (part I). J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1529–1536
Tamim HM, Hanley JA, Hajeer AH, Boivin J, Collet J (2008) Risk of breast cancer in relation to antibiotic use. Pharmarcoepidemiol Drug Safety 17:144–150
Terry MB, Gammon MD, Zhang FF, Tawfik H, Teitelbaum SL et al (2004) Association of frequency and duration of aspirin use and hormone receptor status with breast cancer risk. JAMA 291:2433–2440
Thomas E, Brewster DH, Black RJ, Macfarlane GJ (2000) Risk of malignancy among patients with rheumatic conditions. Int J Cancer 88:497–502
Tworoger S, Eliassen A, Rosner B, Sluss P, Hankinson S (2004) Plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res 64:6814–6819
Tzioufas AG, Voulgarelis M (2007) Update on Sjogren’s syndrome autoimmune epithelitis: from classification to increased neoplasias. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 21:989–1010
Uray IP, Brown PH (2006) Prevention of breast cancer: current state of the science and future opportunities. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 15:1583–1600
Van der Knaap R, Siemes C, Coebergh JW, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Stricker BHC (2008) Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, antiotensin-I-converting enzyme gene iinsertion/deletion polymorphism, and cancer: The Rotterdam Study. Cancer 112:748–757
Velicer CM, Heckbert SR, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Robertson CA, Taplin SH (2004) Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 291:827–835
Veronesi U, De Palo G, Marubini E, Costa A, Formelli F et al (1999) Randomized trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast malignancy in women with early breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1847–1856
Volpe DA, Ellison CD, Parchment RE, Grieshaber CK, Faustino PJ (2003) Effects of amitriptyline and fluoxetine upon the in vitro proliferation of tumor cell lines. J Exp Ther Oncol 3:169–184
Volpert OV, Ward WF, Lingen MW, Chesler L, Solt DB et al (1996) Captopril inhibits angiogenesis and slows the growth of experimental tumors in rats. J Clin Invest 98:671–679
Weiss SR, McFarland BH, Burkhart GA, Ho PT (1998) Cancer recurrences and secondary primary cancers after use of antihistamines or antidepressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 63:594–599
Wolf I, Sadetzki S, Catane R, Karasik A, Kaufman B (2005) Diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 6:103–111
Wolfe F, Michaud K (2007) Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: analyses from a large US observational study. Arthritis Rheum 56:2886–2895
Xue F, Michels KB (2007) Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 86(suppl):823S–835S
Zhang Y, Coogan PF, Palmer JR, Strom BL, Rosenberg L (2005) Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of breast cancer: the Case-Control Surveillance Study revisited. Am J Epidemiol 162:165–170
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Coogan, P.F. (2010). Non-Hormonal Medications and Chronic Diseases. In: Li, C. (eds) Breast Cancer Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0685-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0685-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0684-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0685-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)