Neurodegenerative diseases are a complex heterogeneous group of diseases associated with site-specific premature and slow death of certain neuronal populations in brain and spinal cord tissues (Graeber and Moran, 2002). For example, in Alzheimer disease (AD) neuronal degeneration occurs in the nucleus basalis, whereas in Parkinson disease (PD) neurons in the substantia nigra die. The most severely affected neurons in Huntington disease (HD) are striatal medium spiny neurons. The neuronal population that is lost in neurodegenerative diseases modulates functions such as controlling movements, processing sensory information, and making decisions. The most important risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases are old age, positive family history, unhealthy lifestyle, and exposure to toxic environment. It is suggested that during normal aging, the ability of the brain to modify its own structural organization and functioning becomes week and liable resulting in loss of some cognitive function (Farooqui and Farooqui, 2009), but neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by dramatic impairment in ability to modulate structural organization and functioning of the brain tissue. Other risk factors such as genetic defects, abnormalities of antioxidant enzymes, excitotoxicity, cytoskeletal abnormalities, autoimmunity, mineral deficiencies, oxidative stress, metabolic toxicity, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and hypertension may also contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (Rao and Balachandran, 2002; Farooqui, 2009)
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Farooqui, A.A. (2009). Status and Potential Therapeutic Importance of n–3 Fatty Acids in Neurodegenerative Disease. In: Beneficial Effects of Fish Oil on Human Brain. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0543-7_7
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