Abstract
Approximately 50 years ago, Apley and Naish described children who presented with repeated episodes of abdominal pain for at least 3 months without any identifiable cause under the term recurrent abdominal pain (Apley and Naish 1958). Later studies showed that this term was a “waste basket” encompassing functional and organic conditions. More recent symptom-based criteria, known as Rome criteria, exclusively define those gastrointestinal conditions thought to be of functional origin and without clinical evidence of anatomical or structural abnormalities. The third edition of the Rome criteria (Rasquin 2006), classifies pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in four different conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Arafeh, I., & Russell, G. (1995). Prevalence and clinical features of abdominal migraine compared with those of migraine headache. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 72, 413–417.
Anand, K. J., Runeson, B., & Jacobson, B. (2004). Gastric suction at birth associated with long-term risk for functional intestinal disorders in later life. Jornal de Pediatria, 144, 449–454.
Andresen, V., Bach, D. R., Poellinger, A., Tsrouya, C., Stroh, A., Foerschler, A., Georgiewa, P., Zimmer, C., & Monnikes, H. (2005). Brain activation responses to subliminal or supraliminal rectal stimuli and to auditory stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 17, 827–837.
Apley, J., & Naish, N. (1958). Recurrent abdominal pains: A field survey of 1,000 school children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 33, 165–170.
Bale, T. L., & Vale, W. W. (2004). CRF and CRF receptors: Role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 44, 525–557.
Ball, T. M., & Weydert, J. A. (2003). Methodological challenges to treatment trials for recurrent abdominal pain in children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157, 1121–1127.
Ball, T. M., Shapiro, D. E., Monheim, C. J., & Weydert, J. A. (2003). A pilot study of the use of guided imagery for the treatment of recurrent abdominal pain in children. Clinical Pediatrics (Philadelphia), 42, 527–532.
Barbara, G., Vallance, B. A., & Collins, S. M. (1997). Persistent intestinal neuromuscular dysfunction after acute nematode infection in mice. Gastroenterology, 113, 1224–1232.
Barbara, G., Stanghellini, V., De Giorgio, R., Cremon, C., Cottrell, G. S., Santini, D., Pasquinelli, G., Morselli-Labate, A. M., Grady, E. F., Bunnett, N. W., Collins, S. M., & Corinaldesi, R. (2004). Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 126, 693–702.
Bernstein, C. N., Frankenstein, U. N., Rawsthorne, P., Pitz, M., Summers, R., & McIntyre, M. C. (2002). Cortical mapping of visceral pain in patients with GI disorders using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97, 319–327.
Boey, C. C., & Goh, K. L. (2001). The significance of life-events as contributing factors in childhood recurrent abdominal pain in an urban community in Malaysia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 559–562.
Bouin, M., Plourde, V., Boivin, M., Riberdy, M., Lupien, F., Laganiere, M., Verrier, P., & Poitras, P. (2002). Rectal distention testing in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pain sensory thresholds. Gastroenterology, 122, 1771–1777.
Bueno, L., Fioramonti, J., & Garcia-Villar, R. (2000). Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. III. Visceral afferent pathways: a source of new therapeutic targets for abdominal pain. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 278, G670–G676.
Bursch, B. (2008). Psychological/cognitive behavioral treatment of childhood functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 47, 706–707.
Campo, J. V., Di Lorenzo, C., Chiappetta, L., Bridge, J., Colborn, D. K., Gartner, J. C., Jr., Gaffney, P., Kocoshis, S., & Brent, D. (2001). Adult outcomes of pediatric recurrent abdominal pain: Do they just grow out of it? Pediatrics, 108, E1.
Campo, J. V., Dahl, R. E., Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B., Perel, J. M., & Ryan, N. D. (2004). Recurrent abdominal pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care. Pediatrics, 113, 817–824.
Castagliuolo, I., Lamont, J. T., Qiu, B., Fleming, S. M., Bhaskar, K. R., Nikulasson, S. T., Kornetsky, C., & Pothoulakis, C. (1996). Acute stress causes mucin release from rat colon: Role of corticotropin releasing factor and mast cells. The American Journal of Physiology, 271, G884–G892.
Collins, S. M. (1992). Is the irritable gut an inflamed gut? Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement, 192, 102–105.
Delvaux, M. (2002). Role of visceral sensitivity in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 51, 67–71.
Di Lorenzo, C., Colletti, R. B., Lehmann, H. P., Boyle, J. T., Gerson, W. T., Hyams, J. S., Squires, R. H., Jr., Walker, L. S., & Kanda, P. T. (2005). Chronic abdominal pain in children: A technical report of the American academy of pediatrics and the North American society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 40, 249–261.
Drossman, D. A. (2006). The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology, 130, 14.
Drossman, D. A., Whitehead, W. E., & Camilleri, M. (1997). Irritable bowel syndrome: A technical review for practice guideline development. Gastroenterology, 112, 2120–2137.
Drouault-Holowacz, S., Bieuvelet, S., Burckel, A., Cazaubiel, M., Dray, X., & Marteau, P. (2008). A double blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique, 32, 147–152.
Dunlop, S. P., Jenkins, D., & Spiller, R. C. (2003). Distinctive clinical, psychological, and histological features of postinfective irritable bowel syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98, 1578–1583.
Galatola, G., Grosso, M., Barlotta, A., Ferraris, R., Rovera, L., Ariano, M., Cottino, F., & De La Pierre, M. (1991). Diagnosis of bacterial contamination of the small intestine using the 1 g [14 C] xylose breath test in various gastrointestinal diseases. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica, 37, 169–175.
Garber, J., Walker, L. S., & Zeman, J. (1991). Somatization symptoms in a community sample of children and adolescents: Further validation of the children’s somatization inventory. Psychological Assessment, 3, 588–595.
Gonsalkorale, W. M., Miller, V., Afzal, A., & Whorwell, P. J. (2003). Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 52, 1623–1629.
Greco, L. A., Freeman, K. E., & Dufton, L. (2007). Overt and relational victimization among children with frequent abdominal pain: Links to social skills, academic functioning, and health service use. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 319–329.
Guandalini, S., Chiaro, A., Labalestra, V., Gopalan, S., Romano, C., & Canani, R. B. (2008). Efficacy of the probiotic VSL#3 in children with irritable bowel syndrome: an international, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. American Journal Gastroenterol, 103.
Gue, M., Del Rio-Lacheze, C., Eutamene, H., Theodorou, V., Fioramonti, J., & Bueno, L. (1997). Stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity to rectal distension in rats: role of CRF and mast cells. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 9, 271–279.
Gwee, K. A., Leong, Y. L., Graham, C., McKendrick, M. W., Collins, S. M., Walters, S. J., Underwood, J. E., & Read, N. W. (1999). The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut, 44, 400–406.
Gwee, K. A., Collins, S. M., Read, N. W., Rajnakova, A., Deng, Y., Graham, J. C., McKendrick, M. W., & Moochhala, S. M. (2003). Increased rectal mucosal expression of interleukin 1beta in recently acquired post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 52, 523–526.
Hawthorn, M., Ferrante, J., Luchowski, E., Rutledge, A., Wei, X. Y., & Triggle, D. J. (1988). The actions of peppermint oil and menthol on calcium channel dependent processes in intestinal, neuronal and cardiac preparations. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2, 101–118.
Heyneman, N., Fremow, W., & Gano, D. (1990). Individual differences and effectiveness of different coping strategies for pain. Cognitive Therapy Research, 14, 63–77.
Hyams, J. S., Burke, G., Davis, P. M., Rzepski, B., & Andrulonis, P. A. (1996). Abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents: A community-based study. Jornal de Pediatria, 129, 220–226.
Imaki, T., Nahan, J. L., Rivier, C., Sawchenko, P. E., & Vale, W. (1991). Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in rat brain regions by glucocorticoids and stress. The Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 585–599.
Jarvis, L. J., Hogg, H., & Houghton, C. D. (1992). Topical peppermint oil for the relief of colonic spasm at barium enema. Clinical Radiology, 46, 435.
Kehne, J., & De Lombaert, S. (2002). Non-peptidic CRF1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of anxiety, depression and stress disorders. Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders, 1, 467–493.
Kellow, J. E., Eckersley, C. M., & Jones, M. P. (1991). Enhanced perception of physiological intestinal motility in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 101, 1621–1627.
Khoshoo, V., Armstead, C., & Landry, L. (2006). Effect of a laxative with and without tegaserod in adolescents with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 23, 191–196.
Kim, H. J., Vazquez Roque, M. I., Camilleri, M., Stephens, D., Burton, D. D., Baxter, K., Thomforde, G., & Zinsmeister, A. R. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination VSL# 3 and placebo in irritable bowel syndrome with bloating. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 17, 687–696.
Kingham, J. G. (1995). Peppermint oil and colon spasm. Lancet, 346, 986.
Kline, R. M., Kline, J. J., Di Palma, J., & Barbero, G. J. (2001). Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Jornal de Pediatria, 138, 125–128.
Leicester, R. J., & Hunt, R. H. (1982). Peppermint oil to reduce colonic spasm during endoscopy. Lancet, 2, 989.
Liem, O., Mousa, H. M., Benninga, M. A., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2008). Tegaserod use in children: A single-center experience. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 46, 54–58.
Lin, H. C. (2004). Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 852–858.
MacIver, R., Mears, C., Di Lorenzo, C., & Saps, M. (2007). Seasonal nurse consultations for abdominal pain in an adolescent population. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 45, E13.
Mertz, H., Morgan, V., Tanner, G., Pickens, D., Price, R., Shyr, Y., & Kessler, R. (2000). Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distention. Gastroenterology, 118, 842–848.
Naliboff, B. D., Derbyshire, S. W., Munakata, J., Berman, S., Mandelkern, M., Chang, L., & Mayer, E. A. (2001). Cerebral activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects during rectosigmoid stimulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 365–375.
Neal, K. R., Hebden, J., & Spiller, R. (1997). Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: Postal survey of patients. British Medical Journal, 314, 779–782.
Nobaek, S., Johansson, M. L., Molin, G., Ahrne, S., & Jeppsson, B. (2000). Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, 1231–1238.
Nolon, H. W., & Friend, D. R. (1994). Mental B-D-glucuronide: A potential prodrug for treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmaceutical Research, 2, 1707–1711.
O’Mahony, L., McCarthy, J., Kelly, P., Hurley, G., Luo, F., Chen, K., O’Sullivan, G. C., Kiely, B., Collins, J. K., Shanahan, F., & Quigley, E. M. (2005). Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology, 128, 541–551.
Pavcovich, L. A., Yang, M., Miselis, R. R., & Valentino, R. J. (1998). Novel role for the pontine micturition center, Barrington’s nucleus: Evidence for coordination of colonic and forebrain activity. Brain Research, 784, 355–361.
Pimentel, M., Park, S., Mirocha, J., Kane, S. V., & Kong, Y. (2006). The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 145, 557–563.
Sadeghian, M., Farahmand, F., Fallahi, G. H., & Abbasi, A. (2008). Cyproheptadine for the treatment of functional abdominal pain in childhood: A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Minerva Pediatrica, 60, 1367–1374.
Saps, M., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2007). An epidemiological study of common GI symptoms in school-age children. Gastroenterology, 132, A-325.
Saps, M., Bolioli, P., Espana, M., Marshall, B. M., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2008a). Cost and consultation patterns of abdominal pain in Uruguayan children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 46, 159–163.
Saps, M., Seshadri, R., Sztainberg, M., Schaffer, G., Marshall, B. M., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2008b). A prospective school-based study of abdominal pain and other common somatic complaints in children. Jornal de Pediatria, 154, 322–326.
Saps, M., Blank, C., Khan, S., Seshadri, R., Marshall, B., Bass, L., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2008c). Seasonal variation in the presentation of abdominal pain. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 46, 279–284.
Saps, M., Pensabene, L., Di Martino, L., Staiano, A., Wechsler, J., Zheng, X., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2008d). Post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. Jornal de Pediatria, 152, 812–816, 816 e1.
Saps, M., Youssef, N. N., Miranda, A., Nurko, S., Cocjin, J., & Di Lorenzo, C. (2008e). Evaluation of the efficacy of amitriptyline in children with abdominal pain of non organic origin. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, In Press.
Saps, M., Youssef, N., Miranda, A., Nurko, S., Cocjin, J., & Di Lorenzo C. (2009). Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroente-rology, 137, 1261–9.
See, M. C., Birnbaum, A. H., Schechter, C. B., Goldenberg, M. M., & Benkov, K. J. (2001). Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of famotidine in children with abdominal pain and dyspepsia: Global and quantitative assessment. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 46, 985–992.
Silverman, D. H., Munakata, J. A., Ennes, H., Mandelkern, M. A., Hoh, C. K., & Mayer, E. A. (1997). Regional cerebral activity in normal and pathological perception of visceral pain. Gastroenterology, 112, 64–72.
Smith, C., Nordstrom, E., Sengupta, J. N., & Miranda, A. (2007). Neonatal gastric suctioning results in chronic visceral and somatic hyperalgesia: Role of corticotropin releasing factor. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 19, 692–699.
Sparks, M. J., O’Sullivan, P., Herrington, A. A., & Morcos, S. K. (1995). Does peppermint oil relieve spasm during barium enema? The British Journal of Radiology, 68, 841–843.
Spiller, R. C., Jenkins, D., Thornley, J. P., Hebden, J. M., Wright, T., Skinner, M., & Neal, K. R. (2000). Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 47, 804–811.
Starfield, B., Katz, H., Gabriel, A., Livingston, G., Benson, P., Hankin, J., Horn, S., & Steinwachs, D. (1984). Morbidity in childhood – A longitudinal view. The New England Journal of Medicine, 310, 824–829.
Tache, Y., Million, M., Nelson, A. G., Lamy, C., & Wang, L. (2005). Role of corticotropin-releasing factor pathways in stress-related alterations of colonic motor function and viscerosensibility in female rodents. Gender Medicine, 2, 146–154.
Talley, N. J. (1998). Irritable bowel syndrome: disease definition and symptom description. The European Journal of Surgery. Supplement, 1998, 24–28.
Vlieger, A. M., Menko-Frankenhuis, C., Wolfkamp, S. C., Tromp, E., & Benninga, M. A. (2007). Hypnotherapy for children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology, 133, 1430–1436.
Walker, L. S., Garber, J., & Greene, J. W. (1991). Somatization symptoms in pediatric abdominal pain patients: Relation to chronicity of abdominal pain and parent somatization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 379–394.
Walker, L. S., Williams, S. E., Smith, C. A., Garber, J., Van Slyke, D. A., & Lipani, T. A. (2006a). Parent attention versus distraction: Impact on symptom complaints by children with and without chronic functional abdominal pain. Pain, 122, 43–52.
Walker, L. S., Smith, C. A., Garber, J., & Claar, R. L. (2006b). Appraisal and coping with daily stressors by pediatric patients with chronic abdominal pain. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 206–216.
Westphal, J., Horning, M., & Leonhardt, K. (1996). Phytotherapy in functional upper abdominal complaints. Phytomedicine, 2, 285–291.
Weydert, J. A., Shapiro, D. E., Acra, S. A., Monheim, C. J., Chambers, A. S., & Ball, T. M. (2006). Evaluation of guided imagery as treatment for recurrent abdominal pain in children: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics, 6, 29.
Wojczynski, M. K., North, K. E., Pedersen, N. L., & Sullivan, P. F. (2007). Irritable bowel syndrome: A co-twin control analysis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102, 2220–2229.
Yokotani, K., Murakami, Y., Okada, S., & Hirata, M. (2001). Role of brain arachidonic acid cascade on central CRF1 receptor-mediated activation of sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 419, 183–189.
Youssef, N. N., Rosh, J. R., Loughran, M., Schuckalo, S. G., Cotter, A. N., Verga, B. G., & Mones, R. L. (2004). Treatment of functional abdominal pain in childhood with cognitive behavioral strategies. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 39, 192–196.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saps, M., Dhroove, G. (2011). Functional Abdominal Pain in Children. In: McClain, B., Suresh, S. (eds) Handbook of Pediatric Chronic Pain. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0350-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0350-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0349-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0350-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)