Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Marmoset Postcrania and the Skeleton of the Dwarf Marmoset, Callibella Humilis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Smallest Anthropoids

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

Four genera of marmosets are now recognized; these are Callithrix, Mico, Cebuella, and Callibella, the dwarf marmoset, first identified in 1998. These genera are distinctive in their pelage, DNA, and cranial anatomy, but there has been no comparative study of any aspect of their postcranium. This study examines postcranial differences between the marmoset genera and their potential significance for understanding their phylogenetic relationships and their variation in positional behavior. It also provides the first description of the postcranium of Callibella.

Univariate and discriminate function analysis of the only known skeleton of Callibella was carried out in relation to members of all three other genera of marmosets, Callimico goeldii, and Saguinus midas. Marmosets form a unique clade morphologically. Each marmoset genus forms a discrete and highly distinctive group. While sharing general marmoset traits, Callibella shares no special affinity with the least specialized Atlantic marmosets of genus Callithrix. Amazonian Mico is characterized by narrow elbow articulations. Callibella lacks most of Cebuella’s many highly derived hindlimb traits, sharing only a few, such as a narrow, short femoral head and narrow lateral knee articulation. Callibella exhibits several unique features of the forelimb and hindlimb; these serve to emphasize its distinctive form among marmosets.

These results support a three-way division of the Amazonian marmosets into separate Mico, Callibella, and Cebuella lineages, subsequent to their separation from the Atlantic Callithrix group. The marked differences in their skeletons suggest that extreme small size evolved independently in the pygmy and dwarf marmosets, associated with different postcranial adaptations, an interpretation that is in agreement with results of prior analysis of cranial anatomy. Callibella appears to be adapted for more quadrupedalism and to use more horizontal and low-angled supports than is typical of either Mico or, especially, Cebuella. Little is currently know of the positional behavior of most marmosets in the wild. As Callibella, in particular, lives in a very limited range characterized by a unique and at-risk forest, their study and preservation should be of high priority.

Resumen

Cuatro géneros de marmosets son reconocidos ahora los cuales incluyen el Callithrix, Mico, Cebuella, y el Callibella, el marmoset enano, identificado por primera vez en 1998. Estos géneros se muestran distintos en pelaje, ADN, y anatomía cranial; sin embargo, no han habido estudios comparativos de ningún aspecto de sus poscranium. El presente estudio examina las diferencias poscranium entre los géneros marmosets y su potencial significado para la filogénia y variación en comportamiento posicional. Asimismo, proporciona la primera descripción poscranium de Callibella.

El análisis funcional univariado y discriminado del único esqueleto conocido de Callibella fue llevado a cabo en relación a los miembros de todos los tres géneros de marmosets, Callimico goeldii, y Saguinus midas. Los marmosets forman una clade única morfológicamente. Cada género marmoset forma un grupo bastante discreto y distintivo, con Callibella cayendo en medio pero único entre todos. A pesar de compartir la mayoría de los rasgos marmosets, Callibella no comparte especial afinidad con los menos especializados marmosets del Atlántico del género Callithrix. El Mico Amazónico está caracterizado por articulaciones de codo estrechas. El Callibella carece de la mayoría de los rasgos de los miembros posteriores, compartiendo solamente algunos, tal como la cabeza femoral estrecha y la articulación de la rodilla lateral estrecha. Los Callibella muestran varios rasgos únicos en los miembros delanteros y traseros; ellos sirven para enfatizar su distinción entre los marmosets.

Los resultados apoyan las sugerencias de la división de tres formas del marmoset ancestro en los linajes separados Mico, Callibella, y Cebuella, relacionados a este grupo separados de el Callithrix del Atlántico. Las marcadas diferencias en sus esqueletos propone que el extremo tamaño pequeño evolucionó independientemente en los marmosets pigmeos y enanos, asociados con diferentes adaptaciones postcranianas, todo ello en acuerdo con los resultados de previos análisis de anatomía cranial. El Callibella podria ser mayormente cuadrúpedo y utilizar mayores soportes horizontales y de ángulo bajo que los típicos Mico o, especialmente Cebuella. Poco se conoce en el presente sobre el comportamiento posicional de la mayoría de los marmosets en lo salvaje. Callibella en particular, vive en una extensión territorial verdaderamente limitada caracterizada por un bosque único y en riesgo; su estudio y preservación tiene que ser altamente prioritario.

Resumo

Atualmente quatro gêneros de sagüis são reconhecidos; estes são Callithrix, Mico, Cebuella, e Callibella, o sagüi anão, primeiro identificado em 1998. Estes gêneros são distintos em sua pelagem, ADN, e anatomia craniana, mas não existem estudos comparativos de qualquer aspecto do pós-crânio. Estes estudo examina as diferenças no pós-crânio entre estes gêneros de sagüis e seu potencial significado para entendermos seu relacionamento filogenético e sua variação em comportamento postural. Também mostra a primeira descrição do pós-crânio de Callibella.

Análises univariadas e discriminantes do único esqueleto conhecido de Callibella foram conduzidas comparando este com exemplares de todos os três outro gêneros de sagüis, Callimico goeldii, e Saguinus midas. Sagüis compõe um clado único morfológicamente. Cada gênero de sagüis forma um grupo discreto e bastante distinto. Embora compartilhando as características gerais dos sagüis, Callibella não compartilha nenhuma afinidade especial com os sagüis Atlânticos menos especializados do gênero Callithrix. O gênero Mico amazônico é caracterizado por articulações do ombro estreitas. Callibella exibe várias características únicas dos membros anteriores e posteriores; isto serve para enfatizar sua forma distinta entre os sagüis.

Estes resultados suportam a divisão em três partes dos sagüis amazônicos nas linhagens saparadas Mico, Callibella e Cebuella, subsequente à sua separação do grupo Atlântico Callithrix. As diferenças marcadas nos seus esqueletos sugere que o tamanho pequeno extremo evoluiu independentemente nos sagüis-leãozinho e anão, associado com adaptações pós-cranianas diferentes, uma interpretação que está de acordo com os resultados da análise anterior da anatomia craniana. Callibella parece ser mais adaptado para o quadrupedalismo e ao uso mais horizontal e de suportes em ângulo-baixo do que é típico seja de Mico ou, especialmente, Cebuella. Pouco é conhecido do comportamento postural da maioria dos sagüis na natureza. Como Callibella, em particular, vive em uma distribuição bastante limitada caracterizada por um floresta única e em risco, seu estudo e preservação deve ter uma prioridade alta.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguiar JM, Lacher TE Jr (2003) On the morphological distinctiveness of Callithrix humilis van Roosmalen, et al., 1998. Neotrop Primates 11:11–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar JM, Lacher TE Jr (this volume) Cranial morphology of the dwarf marmoset Callibella in the context of callitrichid variability. In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. Springer Press, New York, (this volume)

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiello L, Dean C (1990) An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Alperin R (1993) Callithrix argentata (Linnaeus, 1771): considerações taxonĂ´micas e descrição de subespĂ©cie nova. Bol Mus Para EmĂ­lio Goeldi, SĂ©r Zool 9:317–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Anzenberger G, Muench M, Moisson P, Petit T (2001) Intergeneric marmoset hybrids (Cebuella pygmaea X Callithrix jacchus): An important case study for callitrichid taxonomy. [Abstract] Folia primatol 72(3): 153

    Google Scholar 

  • Barroso CML (1995) Molecular phylogeny of the Callitrichinae. Neotrop Primates 3:186

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan-Smith HM, Hardie SM, Caceres C, Prescott MJ (2000) Distribution and forest utilization of Saguinus and other primates of the Pando Department, Northern Bolivia. Int J Primatol 21:353–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canavez FC, Alves G, Fanning TG, Seuánez HN (1996) Comparative karyology and evolution of the Amazonian Callithrix (Platyrrhini, Primates). Chromosoma 104:348–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canavez FC, Moreira MAM, Ladasky JJ, Pissinatti A, Parnham P, Seuánez HN (1999) Molecular phylogeny of New World primates (Platyrrhini) based on β2-microglobulin DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 12:74–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1973) New data on the taxonomy of the Brazilian marmosets of the genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777. Folia Primatol 20:241–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1976) Exudate-eating and tree-gouging in marmosets. Nature 262:630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1978) Tree-gouging, exudate-eating and the “short-tusked” condition in Callithrix and Cebuella. In: Kleiman DG (ed) Biology and conservation of the Callitrichidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 105–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman MN (2003) An investigation of scaling relationships in sensory and masticatory systems of New World primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 36(Suppl):78

    Google Scholar 

  • CortĂ©s-Ortiz L (this volume) Molecular phylogenetics of the Callitrichidae with an emphasis on the marmosets and Callimico. In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. Springer Press, New York, (this volume)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin JE, Sarich VM (1975) Molecular systematics of the New World monkeys. J Hum Evol 4:357–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin JE, Sarich VM (1978) Marmoset evolution: the molecular evidence. Prim Med 10:12–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis LC (1998) Postcranial morphometrics of the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea. Am J Phys Anthropol 26(Suppl):74

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis LC (2002) Functional morphology of the forelimb and long bones in the Callitrichidae (Platyrrhini, Primates). Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Southern Illinois University

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis LC, Ford SM (2001) Forelimb anatomy and foraging strategy in Leontopithecus rosalia. Am J Phys Anthropol 32(Suppl):57

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vivo M (1991) Taxonomia de Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Callitrichidae, Primates). Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, Brasil

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari SF (1993) Ecological differentiation in the Callitrichidae. In: Rylands AB (ed) Marmosets and tamarins: Systematics, behavior, and ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 314–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari SF, Lopes MA (1992) A new species of marmoset, genus Callithrix Erxleben 1777 (Callitrichidae, Primates) from western Brazilian Amazonia. Goeldiana Zoologia 12:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari SF, Sena L, Schneider MPC (1999) Definition of a new species of marmoset (Primates, Callitrichinae) from southwestern Amazonia based on molecular, ecological, and zoogeographic evidence. Resumos do Congresso Brasileiro de Primatologia 9:80–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG (1976) Locomotor behavior and skeletal anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos). Yearb Phys Anthropol 20:440–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG, Meldrum DJ (1988) Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas. Am J Primatol 16:227–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG, Mittermeier RA (1980) Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 52:301–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG, Simons EL (1983) The tibio-fibular articulation in Apidium phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid. Nature (London) 301:238–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle JG, Simons EL (1995) Skeletal anatomy of Apidium phiomense, an early anthropoid from Egypt. Am J Phys Anthropol 97:235–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford SM (1986) Systematics of the New World monkeys. In: Swindler DR, Erwin J (eds) Comparative primate biology, vol. 1: Systematics, evolution, and anatomy. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 73–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford SM (1990) Locomotor adaptations of fossil platyrrhines. J Hum Evol 19:141–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford SM, Davis LC (1992) Systematics and body size: implications for feeding adaptations in New World monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:415–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford SM, Davis LC (1998) Sexual dimorphism in the postcranium of callitrichid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 26(Suppl):104

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber PA (1992) Vertical clinging, small body size, and the evolution of feeding adaptations in the Callitrichinae. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:469–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garber PA (1994) Phylogenetic approach to the study of tamarin and marmoset social systems. Am J Primatol 34:199–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garber PA, Sallenave A, Blomquist GE, Anzenberger G (this volume) A comparative study of the kinematics of trunk-to-trunk leaping in Callimico goeldii, Callithrix jacchus and Cebuella pygmaea. In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. Springer Press, New York, (this volume)

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber PA (2001) A comparative study of positional behavior in three species of tamarin monkeys. Primates 32(1): 219–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves C (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada ML, Schneider H, Schneider MPC, Sampaio I, Czelusniak J, Goodman M (1995) DNA evidence on the phylogenetic systematics of New World monkeys : support for the sister-grouping of Cebus and Saimiri from two unlinked nuclear genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 4:331–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershkovitz P (1977) Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), vol 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill WCO (1959) The anatomy of Callimico goeldii (Thomas). A primitive American primate. Trans Am Phil Soc 49(Part 5):1–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horovitz I, Meyer A (1995) Systematics of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates) based on 16S mitochondrial DNA sequences: a comparative analysis of different weighting methods in cladistic analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 4:448–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horovitz I, Zardoya R, Meyer A (1998) Platyrrhine systematics: a simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:261–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute Inc (2001) JMP Version 4.0.4. SAS Institute Inc

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CP, Ford SM (2006) Contexts of positional behavior in captive pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea). Am J Phys Anthropol 42(Suppl):109

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay RF (1990) The phyletic relationships of extant and fossil Pitheciinae (Platyrrhini, Anthropoidea). J Hum Evol 19:175–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzey WG, Rosenberger AL, Ramirez M (1975) Vertical clinging and leaping in a Neotropical anthropoid. Nature 255:327–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacher TE Jr, Fonseca GA, Bouchardet da Alves C, Magalhaes-Castro B Jr (1981) Exudate-eating, scent-marking, and territoriality in wild populations of marmosets. Anim Behav 29:306–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maier W, Alonso C, Langguth A (1982) Field observations on Callithrix jacchus jacchus L. Z Saugetierkunde 47:334–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA (1977) Distribution, synecology, and conservation of Surinam monkeys. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Harvard University

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Schwarz M, Ayres JM (1992) A new species of marmoset, genus Callithrix Erxleben 1777 (Callitrichidae, Primates), from the Rio MauĂ©s region, state of Amazonas, Central Brazilian Amazonia. Goeldiana Zoologia 14:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan M (1976) Notes on the ecology and behavior of the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) in Amazonian Colombia. In: Thorington RW Jr, Heltne PG (eds) Neotropical primates: field studies and conservation. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 79–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Barros RMS (1992) Karyotypic comparison among Cebuella pygmaea, Callithrix jacchus, and C. emiliae (Callitrichidae, Primates) and its taxonomic implications. Genetica 85:249–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Schwarz M, Barros RMS, Mattevi MS (1997) Comparative chromosomal study of five taxa of genus Callithrix, group Jacchus (Platyrrhini, Primates). Am J Primatol 41(1):53–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Muniz JAPC, Barros RMS, Mattevi MS (1999) Proposed chromosomal phylogeny for the South American primates of the Callitrichidae family (Platyrrhini). Am J Primatol 49:133–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Natori M (1986) Interspecific relationships of Callithrix based on the dental characters. Primates 27:321–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natori M (1994) Craniometrical variations among eastern Brazilian marmosets and their systematic relationships. Primates 35:167–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natori M, Shigehara N (1992) Interspecific differences in lower dentition among eastern Brazilian marmosets. J Mammal 73(3):668–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neusser M, Muench M, Anzenberger G, Mueller S (2005) Investigation of marmoset hybrids (Cebuella pygmaea x Callithrix jacchus) and related Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini) by cross-species chromosome painting and comparative genomic hybridization. Cytogenetic Genome Res 108(1-3): 191–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Neusser M, Stanyon R, Bigoni F, Wienberg J, Mueller S (2001) Molecular cytotaxonomy of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) – Comparative analysis of five species by multi-color chromosome painting gives evidence for a classification of Callimico goeldii within the family of Callitrichidae. Cytogenetics Cell Genetics 94: 206–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastorini J, Forstner MRJ, Martin RD, Melnick DJ (1998) A reexamination of the phylogenetic position of Callimico (Primates) incorporating new mitochondrial DNA sequence data. J Mol Evol 47:32–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter CA, Czelusniak MJ, Schneider H, Schneider MPC, Sampaio I, Goodman M (1997) Sequences of the primate epsilon-globin gene: implications for systematics of the marmosets and other New World primates. Gene 205:59–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preuschoft H (1974) Body posture and mode of locomotion in fossil primates. Methods and example: Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. Proc Symp 5th Cong Int Primatol Soc 345–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez MR, Freese CH, Revilla CJ (1978) Feeding ecology of the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea, in northeast Peru. In: Kleiman DG (ed) Biology and conservation of the Callitrichidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 91–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose MD (1993) Functional anatomy of the elbow and forearm in primates. In: Gebo DL (ed) Postcranial adaptations in nonhuman primates. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, pp 70–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberger AL (1977) Xenothrix and ceboid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 6:461–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberger AL (1984) Aspects of the systematics and evolution of marmosets. In: Thiago de Mello M (ed) A Primatologia no Brasil. Universidade Federal, Brasilia, pp 159–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberger AL, Setoguchi T, Shigehara N (1990) The fossil record of callitrichine primates. J Hum Evol 19:209–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, de Faria DS (1987) Habitats and feeding ecology of the genus Callithrix. Int J Primatol 8:438

    Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, de Faria DS (1993) Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix. In: Rylands AB (ed) Marmosets and tamarins: Systematics, ecology, and behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 262–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1993) Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae. In: Rylands AB (ed) Marmosets and tamarins: Systematics, ecology, and behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 11–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, Schneider H, Langguth A, Mittermeier RA, Groves CP, Rodriguez-Luna E (2000) An assessment of the diversity of New World primates. Neotrop Primates 8(2):61–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA, Coimbra-Filho AF (this volume) The systematics and distribution of the marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates). In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. Springer Press, New York, (this volume)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson IT (1957) The monkey kingdom: An introduction to the primates. Hanover House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H, Schneider MPC, Sampaio I, Harada ML, Stanhope M, Czelusniak J, Goodman M (1993) Molecular phylogeny of the New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2:225–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H, Sampaio I, Harada ML, Barroso CML, Schneider MPC, Czelusniak J, Goodman M (1996) Molecular phylogeny of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates) based on two unlinked nuclear genes: IRBP intron 1 and epsilon-globin sequences. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:153–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sena L, Valinoto M, Sampaio I, Schneider H, Ferrari SF, Schneider MPC (2002) Mitochondrial COII gene sequences provide new insights into the phylogeny of marmoset species groups (Callitrichidae, Primates). Folia primatol 73:240–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva JS Jr, de Noronha MA (1998) On a new species of bare-eared marmoset, genus Callithrix Erxleben 1777, from central Amazonia (Primates, Callitrichidae). Goeld Zool 21:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer SS, Schmitz J, Schwieg K, Zischler H (2003) Molecular cladistic markers in New World monkey phylogeny (Platyrrhini, Primates). Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:490–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon CT (1993) A vocal taxonomy of the callitrichids. In: Rylands AB (ed) Marmosets and tamarins: Systematics, behavior, and ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 78–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Soini P (1988) The pygmy marmoset, genus Cebuella. In: Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Fonseca GAB (eds) Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, vol 2. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, pp 79–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 2nd edn. WH Freeman and Co, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson MF, Rylands AB (1988) The marmosets, genus Callithrix. In: Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Fonseca GAB (eds) Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, vol 2. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, pp 131–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay FS, Dagosto M (1980) Locomotor adaptations as reflected on the humerus of Paleogene primates. Folia Primatol 34:1–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliaro CH, Schneider MPC, Schneider H, Sampaio I, Stanhope MJ (1997) Marmoset phylogenetics, conservation perspectives, and evolution of the mtDNA control region. Mol Biol Evol 14:674–684

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliaro CH, Schneider MPC, Schneider H, Sampaio I, Stanhope MJ (2000) Molecular studies of Callithrix pygmaea (Primates, Platyrrhini) based on transferrin intronic and ND1 regions: Implications for taxonomy and conservation. Genet Mol Biol 23:729–737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh J (1983) Five New World primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorington RW Jr, Thorington EM (1989) Postcranial proportions of Microsciurus and Sciurillus, the American pygmy tree squirrels. Adv Neotrop Mammal 1989:125–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokuda K (1969) Group size and vertical distribution of New World monkeys in the Basin of the Rio Putumayo, the Upper Amazon. Proc VIIIth Intl Congr Anthropl and Ethnolog Sci 1:260–261

    Google Scholar 

  • van Roosmalen MGM, van Roosmalen T (2003) The description of a new marmoset genus, Callibella (Callitrichinae, Primates), including its molecular phylogenetic status. Neotrop Primates 11:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • van Roosmalen MGM, van Roosmalen T, Mittermeier RA, de Fonseca GAB (1998) A new and distinctive species of marmoset (Callitrichidae, Primates) from the lower Rio AripuanĂŁ, State of Amazonas, Central Brazilian Amazonia. Goeldiana Zoologia 22:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • van Roosmalen MGM, van Roosmalen T, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB (2000) Two new species of marmoset, genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Callitrichidae, Primates), from the TapajĂłs/Madeira interfluvium, south central Amazonia, Brazil. Neotrop Primates 8:2–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Veracini C (this volume) Habitat use and ranging behavior of the silvery marmoset (Mico argentatus) at CaxiuanĂŁ National Forest (eastern Brazilian Amazonia). In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. Springer Press, New York, (this volume)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinyard CJ (2003) Functional interpretations of jaw shapes: Beware of morphometricians bearing geometric means. Am J Phys Anthropol 36(Suppl):216

    Google Scholar 

  • von Dornum M, Ruvolo M (1999) Phylogenetic relationships of the New World monkeys (Primates, Platyrrhini) based on nuclear G6PD DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 11:459–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youlatos D (1995) Preliminary observations on the locomotion and postural behaviors of the red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas midas) in French Guiana. Folia Primatol 64:94

    Google Scholar 

  • Youlatos D (1999) Positional behavior of Cebuella pygmaea in Yasuni National Park. Ecuador Primates 40:543–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youlatos D (this volume) Locomotion, postures, and habitat use by pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea). In: Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (eds) The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. Springer Press, New York, (this volume)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Jean Spence (AMNH), Linda Gordon (USNM), and Michi Schulenberg and Bill Stanley (FMNH) for assistance during data collection. In addition, we are particularly grateful to Marc van Roosmalen for the opportunity to study the skeletons of Callibella humilis and Mico manicorensis. Kevin Davie provided advice on the maps, Russell Zanca assisted with digital photography, and several anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (DBS 92-03884), the Smithsonian Institution, and Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901-4502, USA

    Susan M. Ford

Authors
  1. Susan M. Ford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lesa C. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan M. Ford .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 62901-4502, U.S.A.

    Susan M. Ford

  2. Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, 60115-2854, U.S.A.

    Leila M. Porter

  3. Dept. Anthropology, Northeastern Illinois University, N. St. Louis Ave. 5500, Chicago, 60625-4699, U.S.A.

    Lesa C. Davis

Appendices

Appendix 1: Measurement Definitions and Abbreviations

1.1 Scapula

SGFW (glenoid facet width)::

maximum mediolateral width of the glenoid facet taken at the widest distal point of fossa. Taken perpendicular to SGFH.

SSSL (supraspinous length)::

maximum lateromedial length of supraspinous fossa taken parallel to the scapular spine. Extends from most latero-superior point of the scapular spine/neck juncture medially to the vertebral edge of the supraspinous fossa.

SSSH (supraspinous height)::

maximum height of supraspinous fossa, from most superior point to scapular spine, perpendicular to SSSL.

SISL (infraspinous length)::

length of infraspinous fossa parallel to lower base of inferior edge of spinous process.

SISH (infraspinous height)::

maximum height of infraspinous fossa, taken from the juncture of the scapular spine and the vertebral border to the most inferior point of the infraspinous fossa.

SAL (acromion length)::

maximum length of inferior edge of acromion.

SAW (acromion width)::

maximum super-inferior width of acromion.

SVH (scapular ventral height)::

maximum ventral height of subscapularis fossa (roughly parallel to vertebral scapular border).

SVL (scapular ventral length)::

maximum midline ventral length of subscapularis fossa, taken from the superior edge of the glenoid fossa (roughly parallel to scapular spine).

SVLB (ventral lateral border length)::

maximum ventral length of lateral border, from inferior edge of glenoid fossa to most inferior point on the scapula (measured on ventral aspect).

SALA (acromio-spine to lateral border angle)::

angle of scapular spine to lateral border.

SGLA (glenoid to lateral border angle)::

angle of glenoid fossa plane to lateral border.

1.2 Humerus

H3PL (humeral 3-point length)::

maximum length, superior (most proximal) point of head to 2-point distal capitulum/trochlea plane.

HDTL (deltoid tuberosity length)::

maximum proximodistal length of deltoid tuberosity.

HDSW (deltoid scar width)::

maximum mediolateral width of the roughened area marking the insertion of the deltoid muscle, generally measured near its proxi­modistal midpoint. Taken perpendicular to HDTL.

HHW (humeral head width)::

maximum transverse width of humeral head articular surface.

HHH (humeral head depth)::

maximum superoinferior depth of humeral head articular surface.

HMSD (midshaft transverse diameter)::

mediolateral width of humeral shaft at midpoint of humeral length.

HBEW (biepicondylar width)::

maximum mediolateral width of distal humerus, across epicondyles.

HAT1 (superior anterior trochlear width)::

maximum mediolateral width of trochlear articular surface (not including trochlear gutter), taken at anterosuperior portion of trochlea.

HAT3 (inferior anterior trochlear width)::

maximum mediolateral width of trochlear articular surface (not including trochlear gutter), taken at anteroinferior portion of trochlea.

HACW (anterior capitulum width)::

proximolateral edge of capitulum to lateral edge of trochlea, including gutter.

HMTH (medial trochlear height)::

proximodistal height of trochlea at medial edge, taken on anterior aspect.

HLTH (lateral trochlear height)::

proximodistal height of trochlea at lateral edge, taken on anterior aspect.

HACH (anterior capitulum height)::

maximum proximodistal height of capitulum, taken on anterior aspect.

HPTW (posterior trochlear width)::

maximum mediolateral width of trochlea, taken on posterior aspect.

HMEW (medial epicondyle width)::

trochlear edge to medial edge of medial epicondyle, taken on posterior aspect.

HLEW (lateral epicondyle width)::

trochlear edge to lateral edge of lateral epicondyle, taken on posterior aspect.

HDTA (deltoid tuberosity angle)::

angle of the deltoid tuberosity relative to the long axis of the humeral shaft.

1.3 Radius

RL (radial length)::

maximum length, including the styloid process.

RHB (radial head breadth)::

maximum anteroposterior breadth of head, taken on superior aspect.

RHW (radial head width)::

maximum mediolateral width of head, taken on superior aspect.

RHFB (radial head facet breadth)::

maximum anteroposterior breadth of head articular surface, taken on anterior aspect.

RHFW (radial head facet width)::

maximum mediolateral width of head articular surface, taken on anterior aspect.

RMRH (medial rim height)::

maximum height of rim on medial side of head (generally measured directly superior to radial tuberosity).

RLRH (lateral rim height)::

maximum height of rim on lateral side of head.

RARH (anterior rim height)::

maximum height of rim on anterior side of head.

RNTD (radial neck transverse diameter)::

mediolateral width of neck, taken on anterior aspect.

RNL (radial neck length)::

proximodistal length of radial neck, measured from distal edge of anterior rim of the head to proximal point of radial tuberosity.

RTL (radial tuberosity length)::

proximodistal length of radial tuberosity.

RCFD (radiocarpal facet depth)::

anteroposterior depth of distal articular facet measured at its mediolateral midpoint.

RCFW (radiocarpal facet width)::

mediolateral width of distal articular facet including the styloid process facet, measured at its anteroposterior midpoint; perpendicular to RCFD.

RDST (distal shaft transverse diameter)::

mediolateral width of the distal shaft, measured just proximal to the distal expansion of the shaft.

RDSS (distal shaft sagittal diameter)::

anteroposterior width of the distal shaft, measured just proximal to the distal expansion of the shaft; perpendicular to RDST.

1.4 Ulna

UL (ulnar length)::

maximum length, including the styloid process.

UNL (trochlear/sigmoid notch length)::

maximum proximodistal height of the trochlear notch measured along the long axis, from the midpoint of the proximal lip of the notch to the midpoint of the distal lip of the notch.

UNW1 (proximal notch width)::

maximum mediolateral width of the most proximal, inferiorly-facing facetal surface of the trochlear notch.

UNW2 (midpoint notch width)::

maximum mediolateral width of the midpoint, anteriorly-facing facetal surface of the trochlear notch.

UNW3 (distal notch width)::

maximum mediolateral width of the most distal, superoanteriorly-facing facetal surface of the trochlear notch.

UPUD (proximal ulna depth)::

anteroposterior depth of the proximal ulna, measured from the (anteriorly-facing) midpoint of the trochlear notch dorsally to the dorsal surface of the proximal ulna.

UCD (coronoid depth)::

anteroposterior depth of coronoid, taken to anterior surface of ulnar shaft.

URFH (radial facet height)::

maximum proximodistal height of proximal radial facet, from lateral edge of trochlear notch to distal point on radial facet.

URF1 (superior radial facet width)::

mediolateral width, taken at superior (proximal) point of facet.

URF2 (inferior radial facet width)::

mediolateral width, taken at inferior (distal) point of facet.

UOPL (olecranon process length)::

maximum proximodistal height of olecranon process, from proximal edge of trochlear notch.

UOLL (olecranon lever length)::

estimated length of olecranon process lever, measured from proximodistal midpoint of trochlear notch (estimated axis of rotation)to most superior (proximal) extension of olecranon.

UOPD (olecranon process depth)::

maximum anteroposterior depth of olecranon process.

UMST (midshaft transverse diameter)::

maximum mediolateral width, taken at midpoint of ulnar length.

UMSS (midshaft sagittal diameter)::

maximum anteroposterior depth, taken at midpoint of ulnar length.

UDST (distal shaft transverse diameter)::

mediolateral width of shaft, taken at distal end.

UDSS (distal shaft sagittal diameter)::

anteroposterior depth of shaft, taken at distal end.

1.5 Carpus

MC3L (third metacarpal length)::

maximum length of metacarpal III.

M3PP (proximal phalanx length of 3rd ray)::

maximum length of proximal phalanx of digit III.

M3MP (medial phalanx length of 3rd ray)::

maximum length of middle phalanx of digit III.

M3DP (distal phalanx length of 3rd ray)::

maximum length distal phalanx of digit III.

1.6 Innominate

IDPL (dorsal pelvis length)::

length of dorsal (proximal) edge of ilium to ischial tuberosity.

IICW (iliac crest width)::

maximum width of posterior iliac crest.

IPL (pubis length)::

length from acetabular center to superior (proximal) point of pubic symphysis.

ICRL (caudal ramus length)::

length from ischial tuberosity to angle of caudal ramus.

IIL (ischial length)::

length from acetabular center to ischial tuberosity.

ISYM (pubic symphysis length)::

proximodistal length of pubic symphysis.

IAH (acetabular height)::

maximum height of acetabulum, parallel to long axis of ilium.

IAW (acetabular width)::

maximum width of acetabulum, perpendicular to long axis of ilium.

ILPA (iliopubic angle)::

angle from plane of ilium to plane of pubis.

ISPA (ischiopubic angle)::

angle from plane of ischium to plane of pubis.

1.7 Femur

FL (femoral medial length)::

maximum femoral length, from proximal extension of head to distal extension of medial condyle.

FPST (proximal shaft transverse diameter)::

mediolateral shaft width, taken just below flare of lesser trochanter.

FMST (midshaft transverse diameter)::

mediolateral shaft width, taken at midpoint of shaft length (from FL).

FHW (femoral head width)::

maximum anteroposterior width of head.

FHB (femoral head breadth)::

maximum proximodistal breadth of head.

FHNL (femoral head/neck length)::

head-neck length, from craniomedial point of head to femoral neck crest (if present) or edge of fossa.

FNW (femoral neck width)::

proximodistal transverse width of neck at midpoint.

FNCL (femoral neck crest length)::

proximodistal length of femoral neck crest.

FLTH (lesser trochanter height)::

position of lesser trochanter on shaft, measured from superior point of lesser trochanter to fovea capitis.

FWLT (femoral width at lesser trochanter)::

transverse width of femur including lesser trochanter, in plane of lesser trochanter projection.

FIIL (iliopsoas insertion length)::

proximodistal length of facet on lesser trochanter.

FIIW (iliopsoas insertion width)::

maximum mediolateral length of facet on lesser trochanter.

F3TH (third trochanter height)::

position of third trochanter on shaft, measured from superior point of third trochanter to proximal point of greater trochanter.

FBCW (bicondylar width)::

maximum mediolateral width of distal epiphysis.

FBCD (bicondylar depth)::

maximum anteroposterior depth of distal epiphysis.

FSPG (superior patellar groove width)::

maximum width at widest part of superior portion of patellar groove.

FIPG (inferior patellar groove width)::

maximum width at widest part of inferior patellar groove, proximate to intercondylar notch.

FPGL (patellar groove length)::

length of patellar groove, measured from most proximal point of groove to beginning of intercondylar notch.

FMCH (medial condyle height)::

proximodistal height of medial condyle taken on posterior surface.

FLCH (lateral condyle height)::

proximodistal height of lateral condyle taken on posterior surface.

FMCW (medial condyle width)::

mediolateral width of medial condyle at midpoint, taken on posterior surface.

FLCW (lateral condyle width)::

mediolateral width of lateral condyle at midpoint, taken on posterior surface.

FINW (intercondylar notch width)::

mediolateral width of intercondylar notch taken on inferior aspect of femur.

1.8 Patella

FPL (patella length)::

maximum proximodistal length of patella.

FPW (patella width)::

maximum mediolateral width, taken at midpoint.

1.9 TIBIA

TL (medial tibial length)::

maximum medial length, measured from the superior surface of the medial tibial plateau to the most distal point of the tibia, including malleolus.

TMPD (medial plateau depth)::

maximum anteroposterior depth of medial plateau.

TLPD (lateral plateau depth)::

maximum anteroposterior depth of lateral plateau.

TMPW (medial plateau width)::

maximum mediolateral width of medial plateau.

TLPW (lateral plateau width)::

maximum mediolateral width of lateral plateau.

TPW (tibial plateau width)::

maximum mediolateral width of the total tibial plateau area.

PLAT (plateau angle)::

angle between plane of plateau and plane of anterior tibia.

TMST (midshaft transverse diameter)::

maximum mediolateral width of shaft at midpoint of length.

TMSS (midshaft sagittal diameter)::

maximum anteroposterior width of shaft at midpoint of length (same position as above).

TDST (distal shaft transverse diameter)::

distal mediolateral width of shaft at distal end, just before expansion.

TDSS (distal shaft sagittal diameter)::

distal anteroposterior width of shaft at distal end, just before expansion (same position as TDSS).

TDFD (distal fibular facet depth)::

maximum anteroposterior depth of distal fibular facet.

TDFH (distal fibular facet height)::

maximum proximodistal height of distal fibular facet.

TFCH (fibular contact area height)::

proximodistal height of distal contact area with fibula, from proximal point of fibular facet to proximal point of contact area.

TML (malleolus length)::

proximodistal length of medial malleolus, taken on internal (lateral) surface.

TMW (malleolus width)::

maximum anteroposterior width of medial malleolus.

TTRD (trochlear depth)::

maximum anteroposterior depth of tibial trochlea.

TRW1 (anterior trochlear width)::

maximum mediolateral width of anterior half of trochlea, not including malleolus.

TRW2 (posterior trochlear width)::

maximum mediolateral width of posterior half of trochlea, not including malleolus.

1.10 Fibula

BFL (maximum fibular length)::

maximum length.

BDFH (distal tibial facet height)::

maximum proximodistal height of distal tibial facet.

BDFW (distal tibial facet width)::

maximum anteroposterior width of distal tibial facet.

BAFH (astragalar facet height)::

maximum proximolateral to distomedial height of astragalar facet.

BAFW (astragalar facet width)::

maximum distolateral to proximomedial width of astragalar facet.

1.11 Astragalus

AML (astragalar length)::

maximum proximodistal length, between most anterior point of the head to two-point posterior plane (note – approximate anatomical length, parallel to long axis of trochlear rotation; not maximum length as often measured by others).

AHW (astragalar head width)::

ma.ximum width of astragalar head, taken along long axis of head (not necessarily mediolateral).

AHH (astragalar head height)::

height of astragalar head, taken perpendicular to AHW.

AMFL (medial facet length)::

distal edge of medial facet (“cup”) to most proximal point (“tail”).

AMCH (medial facet cup height)::

maximum superoinferior (dorsoplantar) height of “cup” of medial facet.

AMBH (astragalar medial body height)::

medial trochlear rim to inferomedial (plantarmedial) edge of posterior facet, as maximum superoinferior height.

ALFL (lateral facet length)::

distal edge of flare of lateral facet to most proximal point (“tail”).

ALFH (lateral facet height)::

maximum height of lateral facet (without tail), from dorsal rim to plantar edge of flare.

ATRL (trochlear length)::

proximodistal (anteroposterior) length at midline of the astragalar trochlea.

ATW1 (anterior trochlear width)::

maximum anterior width of trochlea (excluding any extension of rims beyond central trochlear groove).

ATW3 (posterior trochlear width)::

most posterior width of trochea (excluding any extension of one rim beyond the other).

AVNL (ventral neck length)::

measured from distal extension of head to mediodistal edge of posterior calcaneal facet, taken on plantar (ventral) surface.

AAFL (anterior facet length)::

maximum length of anterior calcaneal facet from distal extension of head to proximal end of facet, taken on plantar (ventral) surface (includes separate medial calcaneal facet, if one is present).

APFL (posterior facet length)::

maximum length of posterior calcaneal facet.

APF1 (posterior facet anterior width 1)::

maximum anterior width of posterior calcaneal facet.

APF2 (posterior facet anterior width 2)::

width of posterior calcaneal facet at the midpoint.

APF3 (posterior facet posterior width 3)::

maximum posterior width of posterior calcaneal facet.

1.12 Calcaneus

CML (calcaneal medial length)::

maximum length of medial edge, along long axis of bone.

CCFW (cuboid facet width)::

mediolateral width of cuboid facet, taken along long axis of facet.

CCFH (cuboid facet height)::

plantardorsal (superoinferior) midline height of facet, taken perpendicular to CCFW.

CAFL (anterior facet length)::

proximodistal length of anterior astragalar facet.

CAL (anterior calcaneal length)::

taken from distal end of posterior astragalar facet to distal calcaneus, along long-axis midline.

CMW (calcaneal midpoint width)::

maximum width of calcaneus at midpoint of long axis, including sustentaculum.

CPFL (posterior facet length)::

proximodistal length of posterior astragalar facet.

CPF1 (posterior facet anterior width1)::

maximum anterior width of posterior astragalar facet.

CPF2 (posterior facet mid width2)::

midpoint width of posterior astragalar facet.

CPF3 (posterior facet posterior width3)::

maximum posterior width of posterior astragalar facet.

CTH (calcaneal tuberosity height)::

maximum plantardorsal height at tuberosity (posterior).

CTW (calcaneal tuberosity width)::

maximum mediolateral width of tuberosity (posterior).

CTL (calcaneal tuberosity length)::

extension of tuberosity, from posterior margin of posterior astragalar facet to posterior extension of tuberosity edge.

1.13 Distal Tarsus

CALTRO (XPOWR)::

length from center of astragalar trochlea to distal (anterior) end of calcaneus, in articulated ankle.

CUB4 (posterior cuboid to posterior base MT4)::

length from posterior edge of cuboid (calcaneocuboid facet) to posterior base of fourth metatarsal, in articulated foot.

XT4L (fourth metatarsal length)::

maximum length fourth metatarsal.

X4PP (proximal phalanx length of 4th ray)::

maximum length of proximal phalanx of digit IV.

X4MP (medial phalanx length of 4th ray)::

maximum length of medial phalanx of digit IV.

X4DP (distal phalanx length of 4th ray)::

maximum length of distal phalanx of digit IV.

Appendix 2: Specimens Examined

Callithrix: C. aurita – MCZ 439; C. geoffroyi – FMNH 134472, 134473, 140916; C. jacchus – FMNH 20226, USNM 397241, 398846, 398851, 399032, 399037, 503885, 503886, 503895, 503899, 518554, 518555; C. penicillata – AMNH 133692, 133694, 133698, 133702, 133703, 200756. Mico: M. argentatus – AMNH 184689, FMNH 104806, 140354, 140355; M. humeralifer – AMNH 188164; M. leucippe – AMNH 133712; M. manicorensis – INPA 2512; M. melanurus – FMNH 58989, 58990, 60737, 60766, 121553. Callibella humilis: MPEG 24769. Cebuella pygmaea: AMNH 244101, 244365, USNM 303037, 336325, 337322, 337323, 337325, 337326, 337328, 337329, 337330, 337947, 337948, 337949, 464990. Callimico goeldii: AMNH 183289, FMNH 57999, 58003, 98034, 134517, 134518, 134522, USNM 303323, 395455, 463933, 464991, 464993, 573934. Saguinus midas: AMNH 77693, 97316, 207726, 266480, 266481, FMNH 93239, 93515, 93516, MCZ 7110, UF 10175, USNM 267590, 362118.

AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York; FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus; MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Boston; MPEG Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Manaus; USNM United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ford, S.M., Davis, L.C. (2009). Marmoset Postcrania and the Skeleton of the Dwarf Marmoset, Callibella Humilis . In: Ford, S., Porter, L., Davis, L. (eds) The Smallest Anthropoids. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation