Skip to main content

Environment and Increasing Intelligence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Human Intelligence and Medical Illness

Part of the book series: The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality ((SSHE))

  • 1172 Accesses

Abstract

Rising IQ certainly cannot be attributed to genetic change; evolution is a far slower process than that. If evolution alone were responsible for increasing intelligence, it is likely that the rate of IQ increase would be less than 1% of what it is now. In other words, if evolution were the driving force, we would not expect IQ to increase by a point every 2 years; we might expect it to increase by a point every 200 years. Clearly, there must be another reason for increasing intelligence. We have spent some effort in the last few chapters showing that the increase in IQ score also cannot be explained by flaws in the tests or in the way that the tests are administered. Neither is rising IQ a function of accelerated child development, since it is not clear whether development actually is happening any faster than it was before. What is left, if we are to explain the Flynn effect? The only remaining possibility seems to be an answer that is almost too simple to be true; the environment is changing in a way that enables IQ to rise.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Steen, R. G. (1996). DNA & Destiny: Nature and Nurture in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum. 259 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Flynn, J. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Prifitera, A., Weiss, L. G., & Saklofske, D. H. (1998). The WISC-III in context. In A. Prifitera & D. Saklofske (Eds.), WISC-III Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives (pp. 1–38). New York: Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Flynn, J. R. (1998). Israeli military IQ tests: Gender differences small; IQ gains large. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 541–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Randhawa, B. S. (1980). Change in intelligence and academic skills of grades four and seven pupils over a twenty-year period. 22nd International Congress of Psychology. Leipzig, East Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  6. de Leeuw, J., & Meester, A. C. (1984). Over het intelligence-onderzoek bijde militaire keuringer vanaf 1925 tot heden [Intelligence-as tested at selections for the military service from 1925 to the present]. Mens en Maatschappij, 59, 5–26.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rist, T. (1982). Det Intellektuelle Prestasjonsnivaet i Befolkningen Sett I lys av den Samfunns-Messige Utviklinga [The level of the intellectual performance of the population seen in the light of developments in the community]. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Armed Forces Psychology Service.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2000). Forty-year secular trends in cognitive abilities. Intelligence, 28, 115–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bouvier, U. (1969). Evolution des cotes a quelques tests [Evolution of scores from several tests]. Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Armed Forces, Center for Research into Human Traits.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Elley, W. B. (1969). Changes in mental ability in New Zealand school-children. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 4, 140–155.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Clarke, S. C. T., Nyberg, V., & Worth, W. H. (1978). Technical report on Edmonton Grade III achievement: 1956–1977 comparisons. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Uttl, B., & Van Alstine, C. L. (2003). Rising verbal intelligence scores: Implications for research and clinical practice. Psychology and Aging, 18, 616–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Vroon, P. A., de Leeuw, J., & Meester, A. C. (1984). Correlations between the intelligence levels of fathers and sons. In J. R. Flynn (Ed.), Utrecht, The Netherlands: Department of Theoretical Psychology and History of Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Colom, R., & Garcia-Lopez, O. (2003). Secular gains in fluid intelligence: Evidence from the culture-fair intelligence test. Journal of Biosocial Science, 35, 33–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lynn, R., Hampson, S. L., & Mullineux, J. C. (1987). A long-term increase in the fluid intelligence of English children. Nature, 328, 797.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Daley, T. C., et al. (2003). IQ on the rise: The Flynn effect in rural Kenyan children. Psychological Science, 14, 215–219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fuggle, P. W., et al. (1992). Rising IQ scores in British children: Recent evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1241–1247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Girod, M., & Allaume, G. (1976). L’evolution du niveau intellectuel de la population francaise pendent le dernier quart de siecle [The evolution of the intellectual level of the French population during the last quarter century]. International Review of Applied Psychology, 25, 121–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Steen, R. G. (2007). The Evolving Brain: The Known and the Unknown (p. 427). New York: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gould, S. J. (1981). The Mismeasurement of Man. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 352 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Detterman, D. K., & Thompson, L. A. (1997). What is so special about special education? The American Psychologist, 52, 1082–1090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brand, C. (1987). Intelligence testing: Bryter still and bryter? Nature, 328, 110.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Daley, T. C., et al. (2003). IQ on the rise: The Flynn effect in rural Kenyan children. Psychological Science, 14, 215–219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Steen, R. G. (1996). DNA & Destiny: Nature and Nurture in Human Behavior (p. 295). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review, 97, 404–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000). Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends in Neurosciences, 23, 475–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Flynn, J. R. (1998). Israeli military IQ tests: Gender differences small; IQ gains large. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 541–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2000). Forty-year secular trends in cognitive abilities. Intelligence, 28, 115–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (1987). National secular trends in intelligence and education: A twenty-year cross-sectional study. Nature, 325, 119–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Johnson, S. (2005). Eveything Bad is Good for You. New York: Penguin Group

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pullman, H., Allik, J., & Lynn, R. (2004). The growth of IQ among Estonian schoolchildren from ages 7 to 19. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36, 735–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Slyper, A. H. (2006). The pubertal timing controversy in the USA, and a review of possible causative factors for the advance in timing of onset of puberty. Clinical Endocrinology, 65, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Herman-Giddens, M. E., et al. (1997). Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network. Pediatrics, 99, 505–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaplowitz, P. B., Slora, E. J., Wasserman, R. C., Pedlow, S. E., & Herman-Giddens, M. E. (2001). Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and race. Pediatrics, 108, 347–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sun, S. S., et al. (2002). National estimates of the timing of sexual maturation and racial differences among US children. Pediatrics, 110, 911–919.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pearce-Duvet, J. M. (2006). The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 81, 369–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fevre, E. M., et al. (2005). A burgeoning epidemic of sleeping sickness in Uganda. Lancet, 366, 745–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cleaveland, S., Laurenson, M. K., & Taylor, L. H. (2001). Diseases of humans and their domestic animals: pathogen characteristics, host range, and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 356, 991–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Diamond, J. (2002). Evolution, consequences, and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature, 418, 700–706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Scott, R. S., et al. (2005). Dental microwear texture analysis shows within-species diet variability in fossil hominins. Nature, 436, 693–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Eshed, V., Gopher, A., & Hershkovitz, I. (2006). Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: new evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130, 145–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bonfiglioli, B., Brasili, P., & Belcastro, M. G. (2003). Dento-alveolar lesions and nutritional habits of a Roman Imperial age population (1st-4th c. AD): Quadrella (Molise, Italy). Homo, 54, 36–56

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kerr, N. W. (1998). Dental pain and suffering prior to the advent of modern dentistry. British Dental Journal, 184, 397–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lewis, M. E., Roberts, C. A., & Manchester, K. (1995). Comparative study of the prevalence of maxillary sinusitis in later Medieval urban and rural populations in northern England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 497–506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Stiehm, E. R. (2006). Disease versus disease: how one disease may ameliorate another. Pediatrics, 117, 184–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pastori, C., et al. (2006). Long-lasting CCR5 internalization by antibodies in a subset of long-term nonprogressors: a possible protective effect against disease progression. Blood, 107, 4825–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Steen, R. G. (2007). The Evolving Brain: The Known and the Unknown. New York: Prometheus Books, pp. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hunt, S. A. (2006). Taking heart–cardiac transplantation past, present, and future. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 231–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. DiBardino, D. J. (1999). The history and development of cardiac transplantation. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 26, 198–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Clark, D. A., et al. (1973). Cardiac transplantation in man: review of first three years’ experience. American Journal of Medicine, 54, 563–576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pui, C.-H., et al. (2005). Risk of adverse events after completion of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 7936–7941.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Glaser, V. P. (2000). Investigator profile: E. Donnell Thomas, M.D. Journal of Hematotherapy and Stem Cell Research, 9, 403–407

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Grant Steen .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steen, R.G. (2010). Environment and Increasing Intelligence. In: Human Intelligence and Medical Illness. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0092-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics