Abstract
When hostilities broke out in Europe in 1914, the rulers of the belligerent countries expected that a fast and effective victory on the battlefield would silence the domestic opposition and rally the support of their citizens. In fact, this proved to be a huge miscalculation. The war drove European society to the edge of an abyss, ushering in a new era of political instability, ideological polarisation and popular strife that exploded into even greater brutality in 1939.
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© 2002 Francisco J. Romero Salvadó
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Salvadó, F.J.R. (2002). The European Civil War: Reds versus Whites in Russia and Spain 1917–39. In: Black, J. (eds) European Warfare 1815–2000. Problems in Focus Series. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-0705-9_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-0705-9_5
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