In the changes that have occurred in western education in the last two decades we have seen national education systems moving from what would have been called a liberal education, to what is, essentially, a technocratic and entrepreneurial education, preparing the young for work in the knowledge economy. As an exemplar, previously, in New Zealand technology education was done in science departments in the universities, in industry and in polytechnics and technical institutions, under day release or as part of an apprenticeship schemes. Now polytechnics have either become universities or offer university studies approved by the National Committee on Educational Achievements (the national degree awarding authority). Whereas, prior to the late 1980s, industry shared the cost of qualification, this has mainly been abandoned, and the cost of acquiring qualifications has been placed more fully upon educational institutions, including schools, and upon the learner.There are some signs of a renewal of apprenticeships in New Zealand.
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Marshall, J.D. (2008). Education for the Knowledge Economy. In: Smeyers, P., Depaepe, M. (eds) Educational Research: the Educationalization of Social Problems. Educational Research, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9724-9_11
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