Abstract
Attempts at defining spirituality vacillate between the human and the divine. However, many studies show relationships between spirituality or religion and health. An extensive literature search and a study of almost 100 educators in four different types of schools led to a model in which spiritual health is understood to be a, if not the, fundamental dimension of health, permeating and integrating the other dimensions of health (physical, mental, emotional, social, and vocational). The quality of relationships experienced between each person and themselves, others, the environment and God indicate their state of spiritual health in each of these four domains. This model provided the basis for various assessments of spiritual health/well-being among school and university students and staff in Australia and the United Kingdom. The Spiritual Health in Four Domains Index, Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure, Feeling Good Living Life and Quality of Influences Survey were developed for these and other studies in spiritual health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, F. (1939). The genuine works of Hippocrates [(trans. from the Greek, p. 299 (Aphorisms, I.1)]. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.
Banks, R., Poehler, D., & Russell, R. (1984). Spirit and human-spiritual interaction as a factor in health and health education. Health Education, 15(5), 16–19.
Beauregard, M., & O’leary, D. (2007). The spiritual brain: A neuroscientist’s case for the existence of soul. New York: Harper Collins.
Benson, P. L. (2004). Emerging themes in research on adolescent spiritual and religious development. Applied Developmental Science, 8(1), 47–50.
Berry, D. (2005). Methodological pitfalls in the study of religiosity and spirituality. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27(5), 628–647.
Best, R. (Ed.). (1996). Education, spirituality and the whole child. London: Cassell.
Boero, M., Caviglia, M., Monteverdi, R., Braida, V., Fabello, M., & Zorzella, L. (2005). Spirituality of health workers: A descriptive study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42, 915–921.
Brown, I. (1978). Exploring the spiritual dimension of school health education. The Eta Sigma Gamman, 10(1), 12–16.
Brown, L. (Ed.). (1993). Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Buck, H. G. (2006). Spirituality: Concept analysis and model development. Holistic Nursing Practice, 20(6), 288–292.
Burkhardt, M. A. (1989). Spirituality: An analysis of the concept. Holistic Nursing Practice, 3(3), 69–77.
Burkhardt, M. A., & Nagai-Jacobson, M. G. (1994). Reawakening spirit in clinical practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 12(1), 9–21.
Chapman, L. (1987). Developing a useful perspective on spiritual health: Wellbeing, spiritual potential and the search for meaning. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1(3), 31–39.
Chiu, L., Emblen, J. D., Van Hofwegen, L., Sawatzky, R., & Meyerhoff, H. (2004). An integrative review of the concept of spirituality in the health sciences. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 26(4), 405–428.
Coles, R. (1990). The spiritual life of children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Como, J. M. (2007). A literature review related to spiritual health and health outcomes. Holistic Nursing Practice, 21(5), 224–236.
Coward, D. D., & Reed, P. G. (1996). Self-transcendence: A resource for healing at the end of life. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 17(3), 275–288.
de Chavez, A. C., Backett-Milburn, K., Parry, O., & Platt, S. (2005). Understanding and researching wellbeing: Its usage in different disciplines and potential for health research and health promotion. Health Education Journal, 64(1), 70–87.
Diaz, D. P. (1993). Foundations for spirituality: Establishing the viability of spirituality within the health disciplines. Journal of Health Education, 24(6), 324–326.
Dowling, E. M., Gestsdottir, S., Anderson, P. M., von Eye, A., Almerigi, J., & Lerner, R. M. (2004). Structural relations among spirituality, religiosity, and thriving in adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 8(1), 7–16.
Eberst, R. M. (1984). Defining health: A multidimensional model. The Journal of School Health, 54(3), 99–104.
Egbert, N., Mickley, J., & Coeling, H. (2004). A review and application of social scientific measures of religiosity and spirituality: Assessing a missing component in health communication research. Health Communication, 16(1), 7–27.
Ellison, C. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–340.
Engebretson, K. (2006). God’s got your back: Teenage boys talk about God. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 11(3), 329–345.
Fahlberg, L. L., & Fahlberg, L. A. (1991). Exploring spirituality and consciousness with an expanded science: Beyond the ego with empiricism, phenomenology, and contemplation. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5(4), 273–281.
Fehring, R., Miller, J., & Shaw, C. (1997). Spiritual well-being, religiosity, hope, depression, and other mood states in elderly people coping with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24(4), 663–671.
Fisher, J. W. (1998). Spiritual health: Its nature and place in the school curriculum. Doctoral thesis, University of Melbourne (http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002994/).
Fisher, J. W. (1999). Helps to fostering students’ spiritual health. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 4(1), 29–49.
Fisher, J. W. (2001). Comparing levels of spiritual well-being in State, Catholic and Independent schools in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 22(1), 113–119.
Fisher, J. W. (2004). Feeling Good, Living Life: A spiritual health measure for young children. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 25(3), 307–315.
Fisher, J. W. (2006). Using secondary students’ views about influences on their spiritual well-being to inform pastoral care. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 11(3), 347–356.
Fisher, J. W. (2007). It’s time to wake up and stem the decline in spiritual well-being in Victorian schools. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 12(2), 165–177.
Fisher, J. W. (2008). Impacting teachers’ and students’ spiritual well-being. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 29(3), 252–261.
Fisher, J. W., Francis, L. J., & Johnson, P. (2000) Assessing spiritual health via four domains of well-being: The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 49(2), 133–145.
Francis, L. J., & Robbins, M. (2005). Urban hope and spiritual health: The adolescent voice. Peterborough, UK: Epworth.
Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2003). Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1975–1991.
Goodloe, R., & Arreola, P. (1992). Spiritual health: Out of the closet. Health Education, 23(4), 221–226.
Gorsuch, R. L., & Walker, D. (2006). Measurement and research design in studying spiritual development. In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. M. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), Handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 92–103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gray, J. (2006). Measuring spirituality: Conceptual and methodological considerations. The Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 10(2), 58–64.
Haber, J. R., Jacob, T., & Spangler, D. J. C. (2007). Dimensions of religion/spirituality and relevance to health research. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(4), 265–288.
Hamer, D. (2004). The God gene: How faith is hardwired into our genes. New York: Doubleday.
Harris, S. K., Sherritt, L. R., Holder, D. W., Kulig, J., Shrier, L. A., & Knight, J. R. (2007). Reliability and validity of the brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality among adolescents. Journal of Religion and Health, 47, 438–457.
Harvey, C. L. (1996, June). The role of the soul. Paper presented at “Whose Values?”, the Third Annual Conference on “Education, Spirituality and the Whole Child”, Roehampton Institute, London.
Hawks, S. (2004). Spiritual wellness, holistic health, and the practice of health education. American Journal of Health Education, 35(1), 11–16.
Hay, D., & Nye, R. (1998). The spirit of the child. London: Fount.
Hill, B. V. (1989). “Spiritual development” in the Education Reform Act: A source of acrimony, apathy or accord? British Journal of Educational Studies, 37(2), 169–182.
Hill, P. C., & Hood, R. W. (Eds.). (1999). Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74.
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, J. P., Swyers, D. B., Larson, D. B., et al. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51–77.
Hood, R. W. (1975). The construction and preliminary validation of a measure of reported mystical experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 14, 29–41.
Horsburgh, M. (1997). Towards an inclusive spirituality: Wholeness, interdependence and waiting. Disability and Rehabilitation, 19(10), 398–406.
Hughes, P. (2007) Putting life together. Melbourne: CRA/Fairfield Press.
Hungelmann, J., Kenkel-Rossi, E., Klassen, L., & Stollenwerk, R. (1985). Spiritual well-being in older adults: Harmonious inter-connectedness. Journal of Religion and Health, 24(2), 147–153.
Jose, N., & Taylor, E. (1986). Spiritual health: A look at barriers to its inclusion in the health education curriculum. The Eta Sigma Gamman, 18(2), 16–19.
King, J. E., & Crowther, M. R. (2004). The measurement of religiosity and spirituality. Journal of Organizational Change, 17(1), 83–101.
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leetun, M. C. (1996). Wellness spirituality in the older adult. Assessment and intervention protocol. Nurse Practitioner, 21(8), 65–70.
Lukoff, D., Lu, F., & Turner, R. (1992). Toward a more culturally sensitive DSM-IV. Psychoreligious and psychospiritual problems. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(11), 673–682.
MacDonald, D. A., & Friedman, H. L. (2002). Assessment of humanistic, transpersonal, and spiritual constructs: State of the science. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(4), 102–125.
MacLaren, J. (2004). A kaleidoscope of understandings: Spiritual nursing in a multi-faith society. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(5), 457–464.
Martsolf, D. S., & Mickley, J. R. (1998). The concept of spirituality in nursing theories: differing world-views and extent of focus. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 294–303.
Mason, M., Singleton, A., & Webber, R. (2007). The spirit of generation Y. Melbourne: John Garratt.
McCarroll, P., O’Connor, T., & Meakes, E. (2005). Assessing plurality in spirituality definitions. In A. Meier, (Ed.), Spirituality and health: Multidisciplinary explorations (pp. 43–61). Waterloo, ON, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
McSherry, W., & Cash, K. (2004). The language of spirituality: An emerging taxonomy. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41, 151–161.
Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs. (2008, December). The Melbourne declaration on educational goals for young Australians. Melbourne: MCEETYA.
Moberg, D. O. (2002). Assessing and measuring spirituality: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 47–60.
Muldoon, M., & King, N. (1995). Spirituality, health care, and bioethics. Journal of Religion and health, 34(4), 329–349.
National Interfaith Coalition on Aging. (1975). Spiritual well-being: A definition. Athens, GA: Author.
Newby, M. (1996). Towards a secular concept of spiritual maturity. In R. Best (Ed.), Education, spirituality and the whole child (pp. 99–107). London: Cassell.
Nolan, P., & Crawford, P. (1997). Towards a rhetoric of spirituality in mental health care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 289–294.
Oldnall, A. (1996). A critical analysis of nursing: Meeting the spiritual needs of patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 138–144.
Palmer, P. J. (1999) Evoking the spirit in public education. Educational Leadership, 6(4), 6–11.
Piedmont, R. L. (2001). Spiritual transcendence and the scientific study of spirituality. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67(1), 4–14.
Priestley, J. G. (1985). Towards finding the hidden curriculum: A consideration of the spiritual dimension of experience in curriculum planning. British Journal of Religious Education, 7(3), 112–119.
Ross, L. (2006). Spiritual care in nursing: An overview of the research to date. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15, 852–862.
Scott, D. G. (2006). Spirituality and identity within/without religion. In M. de Souza, G. Durka, K. Engebretson, R. Jackson, & A. McGrady (Eds.), International handbook of the religious, moral and spiritual dimensions in education (pp. 1111–1125). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Seaward, B. L. (2001). Health of the human spirit: Spiritual dimensions for personal health. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Smith, D. (2000). Secularism, religion and spiritual development. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 21(1), 27–38.
Strong, J. (1979). Strong’s exhaustive concordance of the bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers.
Thatcher, A. (1991). A critique of inwardness in religious education. British Journal of Religious Education, 14(1), 22–27.
Tillich, P. (1967). Systematic theology, Vol. III: Life and the spirit history and the Kingdom of God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tirri, K., Nokelainen, P., & Ubani, M. (2006). Conceptual definition and empirical validation of the spiritual sensitivity scale. Journal of Empirical Theology, 19(1), 37–62.
Warren, M. (1988). Catechesis and spirituality. Religious Education, 83(1), 116–133.
Wong, Y. J., Rew, L. R., & Slaikeu, K. D. (2006). A systematic review of recent research on adolescent religiosity/spirituality and mental health. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27, 161–183.
Wright, A. (2000). Spirituality and education. Florence, KY: Taylor & Francis.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 889–919.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fisher, J.W. (2009). Understanding and Assessing Spiritual Health. In: de Souza, M., Francis, L.J., O’Higgins-Norman, J., Scott, D. (eds) International Handbook of Education for Spirituality, Care and Wellbeing. International Handbooks of Religion and Education, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9018-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9018-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-9017-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-9018-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)