Planning the sustainable use of land resources and landscapes must be a process in which stakeholders and the public work together to establish common guidelines for understanding the options of, and the implications for, future land uses. Key aspects of this process are the establishment of meaningful knowledge bases and tools, and methodologies based on the enhanced involvement of stakeholders in making decisions, and their subsequent implementation. The gradation of power or control in public participation proposed by Arnstein (1969), extending from ‘citizen control’ to ‘manipulation’, provides a conceptual basis for considering the evolution in political thinking about participation in areas such landscape planning.
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Additional Reading
Hunsberger, C. and Kenyon, W. (2008) Action planning to improve issues of effectiveness, representation and scale in public participation, Journal of Public Deliberation, 4(1), Article No 1.
Lovett, A., Appleton, K and Jones, A (in press) GIS-Based Landscape Visualization: The State of the Art, In Mount, N., Aplin, P., Priestnall, G. and Harvey, G. (eds.) Innovations in GIS 13, Taylor and Francis.
Moran, E. and Ostrom, E. (2005) Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Human-Environment Interactions in Forest Ecosystems, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Miller, D., Morris, J., Coleby, A. (in press) The provision of visualization tools for engaging public and professional audiences, In Bishop, I. and Lange, E. (ed.) Visualization in Landscape and Environmental Planning, Taylor and Francis, Horne.
Nijnik, M., Zahvoyska, L. and Ode, A. (in press) Public evaluation of landscape content and change: several examples from Europe, Land Use Policy.
Richards, C., Sherlock, K. and Carter, C. (2004) Practical approaches to participation, SERP Policy Brief No.1., Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.
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Miller, D., Vogt, N., Nijnik, M., Brondizio, E., Fiorini, S. (2009). Integrating Analytical and Participatory Techniques for Planning the Sustainable Use of Land Resources and Landscapes. In: Geertman, S., Stillwell, J. (eds) Planning Support Systems Best Practice and New Methods. The GeoJournal Library, vol 95. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8952-7_16
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