“Posthumanity” has established itself as a label for a form of human existence radically transformed by the most advanced medical techniques and by the use of neuro, bio and nano and other technologies for human enhancement. In itself, “posthumanity” is a value-neutral term that neither implies nor excludes any specific attitude one might assume towards the prospect of a “posthuman” future. Nonetheless, the concept is bound up with a fairly fundamental controversy about values. It has done much to lay open the split in attitudes in our culture between those who welcome “posthumanity” as a positive vision appropriate to guide our strategies in scientific research, technology and medicine, and those who think that the dangers inherent in this vision so much outweigh its promise that we should resist the temptation to “improve” the human race by means of science and technology. “Transhumanists” like Nick Bostrom (cf. 2003, 2005) define themselves by taking a decidedly positive view of the prospect of a “posthuman” future, whereas “bioconservatives” like Leon Kass (cf. 1997) are more sceptical of this prospect and tend to warn us not to invest too much, mentally and economically, in what is seen as a threat rather than as a paradise. Semantically, the terms “transhumanism” and “posthumanity” are closely connected. “Transhumanism” can be defined as a movement that wants us to get on the way to “posthumanity” by going beyond humanity in its present form. Transhumanists want us to enter upon a process that will ultimately lead to “posthumanity” by attempting, now and in the near future, to transcend certain limits inherent in the human condition as we know it.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander S (1927) Space, time, and deity. 2nd edition, vol 2, Macmillan, London
Bayertz K (2003) Human nature: How normative might it be? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 28: 131–150
Bostrom N (2003) Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry 37: 493–506
Bostrom N (2005) In defense of posthuman dignity. Bioethics 19: 202–214
Boyd R (1999) Homeostasis, species and higher taxa. In: Wilson R A (ed) Species. New Interdisciplinary Essays. MIT Press, Cambridge
Butler O E (1997) Dawn. Warner Books, New York
Fukuyama F (2002) Our posthuman future. Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. Farrar, Strous & Giroux, New York
Huxley J (1957) New bottles for new wine. Chatto & Windus, London
Kass L R (1997) The wisdom of repugnance. The New Republic 2(6): 17–26
Lewis C S (1943) The abolition of man. Collins, Oxford
Locke J (1961) An essay concerning human understanding. In: Yolton J W (ed) Everyman's Library, London, New York
Mill J S (1969) Collected works of John Stuart Mill. University of Toronto Press, Toronto
President's Council on Bioethics (2003) Beyond therapy. Biotechnology and the pursuit of happiness. Dana, New York/Washington DC
Robert J S, Baylis F (2003) Crossing species boundaries. American Journal of Bioethics 3: 1–13
Silver L M (1997) Remaking Eden: How genetic engineering and cloning will transform the American family. Avon Books, New York
Wells H G (1924) The time machine (The Works of H. G. Wells vol 1). Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Birnbacher, D. (2008). Posthumanity, Transhumanism and Human Nature. In: Gordijn, B., Chadwick, R. (eds) Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity. The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8852-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8852-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8851-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8852-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)