Skip to main content

Vapour Equilibrium and Osmotic Technique for Suction Control

  • Chapter
Book cover Laboratory and Field Testing of Unsaturated Soils

Abstract

The vapour equilibrium method and osmotic technique have gained widespread acceptance as reliable methods for controlling relative humidity and thereby suction in soil specimens. The ability to impose suction on soil specimens allows for drying and wetting stress paths to be imposed to evaluate resulting changes in strength, deformation and flow characteristics. The two methods presented and discussed in this paper have been adapted for use with a number of traditional laboratory tests including the oedometer, direct shear and triaxial tests. This report provides a summary of some recent developments and knowledge regarding the use of these techniques highlighting the limitations and drawbacks of the methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agus SS, Schanz T (2005) An investigation into hydro-mechanical behavior of an expansive soil using axis-translation and vapor equilibrium techniques. International symposium advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento

    Google Scholar 

  • Belanteur N, Tacherifet S, Pakzad M (1997) Étude des comportements mécanique, thermo-mécanique et hydromécanique des argiles gonflantes et non gonflantes fortement compactées. Rev Fr Geotech 78:31–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatz JA, Graham J (2000) A system for controlled suction in triaxial tests. Géotechnique 50(4):465–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatz JA, Graham J (2003) Elastic plastic modelling of unsaturated high-plastic clay using results from a new triaxial test with controlled suction. Géotechnique 53(1):113–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boso M, Tarantino A, Mongiovì L (2005) A direct shear box improved with the osmotic technique. Proceedings of advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento, pp 85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno TJ, Svoronos PDN (2003) Handbook of basic tables for chemical analysis, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Cokca E, Erol O, Armangil F (2004) Effects of compaction moisture content on the shear strength of an unsaturated clay. Geotech Geol Eng 22(2):285–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui YJ, Delage P (1996) Yielding and plastic behaviour of an unsaturated compacted silt. Géotechnique 46(2):291–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui YJ, Yahia-Aissa M, Delage P (2002) A model for the volume change behaviour of heavily compacted swelling clays. Eng Geol 64(2–3):233–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuisiner O, Masrouri F (2004) Testing the hydromechanical behavior of a compacted swelling soil. Geotech Test J 27(6):598–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham MR, Ridley AM, Dineen K, Burland JB (2003) The mechanical behaviour of a reconstituted unsaturated silty clay. Geotechnique 53(2):183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delage P (2002) Experimental unsaturated soil mechanics: State-of-art-report. 3rd International conference on unsaturated soils, vol 3, Recife

    Google Scholar 

  • Delage P, Cui YJ (2000) L’eau dans les sols non saturés. Éditions Techniques de l’ingénieur, Paris, vol C2, article C 301, Traité Construction

    Google Scholar 

  • Delage P, Suraj De Silva GPR, et De Laure E (1987) Un nouvel appareil triaxial pour les sols non saturés, vol 1. 9e European conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Dublin, pp 26–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Delage P, Suraj De Silva GPR, Vicol T (1992) Suction controlled testing of non saturated soils with an osmotic consolidometer. 7th International conference expansive soils, Dallas, pp 206–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Delage P, Howat M, Cui YJ (1998) The relationship between suction and swelling properties in a heavily compacted unsaturated clay. Eng Geol 50(1–2):31–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dineen K, Burland JB (1995) A new approach to osmotically controlled oedometer testing. Proceedings of the 1st conference on unsaturated soils Unsat’95, vol 2. Balkema, Paris, pp 459–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Escario V (1969) Swelling of soils in contact with water at negative pressure. Proceedings of the 2nd international conference expansive clay soils, Texas A&M University, pp 207–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Escario V (1980) Suction controlled penetration and shear tests. Proceeedings of the 4th international conference on expansive soils, vol II. Denver, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp 781–797

    Google Scholar 

  • Escario V, Saez J (1986) The shear strength of partly saturated soils. Geotechnique 36(3):453–456. H.D. Schreiner and authors reply: Geotechnique, 37(4):523–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteban F (1990). Caracterización de la expansividad de una roca evaporítica. Identificación de los mecanismos de hinchamiento. Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Cantabria, Santander

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Morgenstern NR (1977) Stress state variables for unsaturated soils. J Geotech Eng ASCE 103(5):447–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1993) Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils. John Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann C, Romero E, Alonso EE (2005) Combining different controlled-suction techniques to study expansive clays. International symposium advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento, June 27–29, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings JEB, Burland JB (1962) Limitations to the use of effective stresses in partly saturated soils. Géotechnique 12(2):125–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanno T, Wakamatsu H (1993) Moisture adsorption and volume change of partially saturated bentonite buffer materials. Material research society symposia proceedings, vol 294. pp 425–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassiff G, Benshalom A (1971) Experimental relationship between swell pressure and suction. Géotechnique 21:245–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagerwerff JV, Ogata G, Eagle HE (1961) Control of osmotic pressure of culture solutions with polyethylene glycol. Science 133:1486–1487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leong EC, Rahardjo H (2002) Soil-water characteristic curves of compacted residual soils. In: Jucá JFT, de Campos TMP, Marinho FAM (eds) Unsaturated soils. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on unsaturated soils (UNSAT 2002), Recife, Brazil, vol 1. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, The Netherlands. pp 271–276, 10–13 March 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloret A, Villar MV, Sanchez M, Gens A, Pintado X, Alonso EE (2003) Mechanical behaviour of heavily compacted bentonite under high suction changes. Géotechnique 53(1):27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcial D (2003) Comportement hydromécanique et microstructural des matériaux de barrière ouvragée. Ph.D. thesis, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Matyas EL, Radhakrishna HS (1968) Volume change characteristics of partially saturated soils. Geotechnique 18(4):432–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura T, Fredlund DG (2003) A new triaxial apparatus for high total suctions using relative humidity. Proceedings of the 12th Asian regional conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, vol 1. Singapore, pp 65–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldecop LA, Alonso EE (2004) Testing rockfill under relative humidity control. Geotech Test J ASTM 27(3):10. Paper ID: GTJ11847

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards BG (1974) Behaviour of unsaturated soils. In: Lee IK (ed), Soil mechanics—new horizons. American Elsevier, New York, pp 112–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero E (1999) Perturbation of the heat transfer and the friction factor of a rib roughened surface in an annular passage due to localized removal of the ribbing. Nucl Eng Des 188(1):85–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero E, Gens A, Lloret A (2001) Temperature effects on the hydraulic behaviour of an unsaturated clay. Geotech Geol Eng 19(3–4):311–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saiyouri N, Hicher PY, Tessier D (2000) Microstructural approach and transfer water modelling in highly compacted unsaturated swelling clays. Mech Cohes Frict Mater 5:41–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slatter EE, Allman AA, Smith DW (2000) Suction controlled testing of unsaturated soils with an osmotic oedometer. Proceedings of the international conference on geo-engineering 2000. Melbourne, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes RH, Robinson RA (1948) Ionic hydration and activity in electrolyte solutions. J Am Chem Soc 70:1870–1878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang A-M, Cui Y-J (2005) Controlling suction by the vapour equilibrium technique at different temperatures and its application in determining the water retention properties of MX80 clay. Can Geotech J 42:287–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang GX, Graham J, Wan AWL (1998) On yielding behaviour of an unsaturated sand-bentonite mixture. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on unsaturated soils, vol 1. Beijing, pp 149–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessier D (1984) Étude expérimentale de l’organisation des matériaux argileux: hydratation, gonflement et structuration au cours de la dessiccation et de la réhumectation. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Paris VII, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanapalli SK, Lane J (2002) A simple technique for determining the shear strength of unsaturated soils using the conventional direct shear apparatus. Second Canadian specialty conference on computer applications in geotechnique. Winnipeg, pp 245–253, April, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicol T (1990) Comportement hydraulique et mécanique d’un limon non saturé. Application à la modélisation. Thèse de doctorat de l’ENPC, Paris, 257 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Villar MV (2000) Caracterización termo-hidro-mecánica de una bentonita de Cabo de Gata. Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Google Scholar 

  • Villar MV, Martín PL, Lloret A (2005) Determination of water retention curves of two bentonites at high temperature. International symposium advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics. Trento

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron LJ, Manbeian T (1970) Soil moisture characteristics by osmosis with polyethylene glycol: a simple system with osmotic pressure data and some results. Soil Sci 110(6):401–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams J, Shaykewich CF (1969) An evaluation of polyethylene glycol PEG 6000 and PEG 20000 in the osmotic control of soil water matric potential. Can J Soil Sci 102(6):394–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Young DF (1967) Effect of time-dependent stenosis on flow through a tube. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 67-WA/BHF-2, 7 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Zur B (1966) Osmotic control the matric soil water potential. Soil Sci 102:394–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James A. Blatz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Blatz, J.A., Cui, YJ., Oldecop, L. (2008). Vapour Equilibrium and Osmotic Technique for Suction Control. In: Tarantino, A., Romero, E., Cui, YJ. (eds) Laboratory and Field Testing of Unsaturated Soils. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8819-3_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics