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Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis in Purple Bacteria

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Book cover The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 28))

Summary

Membranes are essential to all living cells. They provide the boundary to the surrounding environment, allow the controlled exchange of compounds through membrane transporters, and serve as a matrix for membrane associated enzymes and protein complexes involved in the generation of energy or communication with the environment. Biomembranes are built from amphipathic, polar lipids that either on their own or in mixtures with other lipids spontaneously form a bilayer in aqueous solutions. Proteins are embedded into this lipid matrix serving many different functions. Photosynthetic purple bacteria have a very rich complement of membrane lipids including phospholipids not commonly found in bacteria such as phosphatidylcholine, glycolipids typical for plant chloroplasts such as sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the betaine and ornithine lipids. These latter lipids lack phosphorus presumably allowing purple bacteria to outcompete other organisms in a phosphorusdepleted environment. Advances in the genetic analysis of lipid metabolism of purple bacteria and related bacteria of the α-proteobacteria group have provided us with many genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of polar membrane lipids beyond those described for Escherichia (E.) coli. Lipid genes discovered first in Rhodobacter (Rba.) sphaeroides include the sqd genes required for sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis and the bta genes required for betaine lipid biosynthesis. Similar approaches in the closely related bacterium Sinorhizobium (Sr.) meliloti in combination with genome comparison provided the genes of purple bacteria encoding proteins of ornithine lipid biosynthesis and a new pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Advances in the analysis of membrane associated protein complexes gave new insights into specific interactions of lipids with these complexes.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

acyl carrier protein

AdoHcy:

S-adenosylhomocysteine

AdoMet:

S-adenosylmethionine

CDP:

cytidine diphosphate

CL:

cardiolipin

CMP:

cytidine monophosphate

CTP:

cytidine triphosphate

DAG:

diacylglycerol

DGTS:

dicaylglycerol-N,N,N,-trimethylhomoserine

E. :

Escherichia

OL:

ornithine lipid

PtdCho:

phosphatidylcholine

PtdEtn:

phosphatidylethanolamine

PtdGro:

phosphatidylglycerol

Rba. :

Rhodobacter

SQDG:

sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

Sr. :

Sinorhizobium

Tris:

tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319

    Banita Tamot & Christoph Benning

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  1. Banita Tamot
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Correspondence to Christoph Benning .

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  1. University of Sheffield, UK

    C. Neil Hunter

  2. University of Pennsylvania, USA

    Fevzi Daldal

  3. Argonne National Laboratory, USA

    Marion C. Thurnauer

  4. University of British Columbia, Canada

    J. Thomas Beatty

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Tamot, B., Benning, C. (2009). Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis in Purple Bacteria. In: Hunter, C.N., Daldal, F., Thurnauer, M.C., Beatty, J.T. (eds) The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8815-5_7

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