Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is the controlled application of electrical current to the peripheral nerves for the purpose of generating useful muscle contractions in people with nervous system dysfunction. Over the last several decades, many different applications of FES technology have been developed (Figure 6.1), and these can be divided into two main categories. The first category includes those systems that save lives by restoring essential autonomic functions. Probably the most well-known and widespread example of commercial FES technology is the cardiac pacemakers used to reliably activate heart muscles in people with damage to the neural circuitry of the heart. Other commercial technologies, such as the Vocare® system, are used to restore bladder function after spinal cord injury. FES diaphragm-pacing systems have the potential to eliminate need for a ventilator in severely paralyzed individuals. Also, methods to stimulate nerves that coordinate breathing and swallowing reflex pathways are being developed to treat sleep apnea or to facilitate swallowing after stroke.
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Taylor, D.M. (2008). Functional Electrical Stimulation and Rehabilitation Applications of BCIs. In: Brain-Computer Interfaces. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8705-9_6
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