Success of up-to-date and efficient technological implementations of biomass conversion becomes particularly important as the deposits of non-renewable resources are being depleted. The products of photosynthesis could be the only available source of chemicals, advanced biomaterials, organic fuels and biopower. Under conditions of severe competition for the carriers of captured solar energy efficient and sustainable consumption of the unique bioresource should be extremely important for the future nonfood products from biotechnological/thermo-chemical biorefineries required to replace the present petrochemical refineries. The main targets are the increase of photosynthesis efficiency and integration of new technologies into clusters of near-Zero Emissions biorefineries. Production of biofuels and ability of using existing infrastructures are significant factors for future biorefineries. Open-system thermodynamics should be applied to strengthen Zero Emissions and Biorefineries concepts.
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Gravitis, J. (2008). Biorefinery: Biomaterials and Bioenergy from Photosynthesis, within Zero Emission Framework. In: Barbir, F., Ulgiati, S. (eds) Sustainable Energy Production and Consumption. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8494-2_22
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