Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mucosal Immunity Against Anthrax

  • Chapter
Immunity Against Mucosal Pathogens

  • 964 Accesses

Abstract

Anthrax has recently gained much attention due to the potential use of Bacillus anthracis spores as an agent of biowarfare. In the event of intentional dissemination of Bacillus anthracis spores, the most likely routes of infection are through the nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal tracts. Since inhalational and gastrointestinal anthrax are the most severe and potentially lethal forms of the disease, appropriate vaccine strategies are needed to provide optimal protection against these mucosally initiated infections. This chapter will review the role of anthrax toxins in the pathogenesis of anthrax, with special emphasis on how Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin and edema toxin affect immune cells and alter innate and adaptive immunity. We also will summarize traditional strategies for vaccination against anthrax and discuss new approaches to inducing both mucosal and systemic immunity against anthrax toxins for enhanced protection against inhalational and gastrointestinal anthrax.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Dixon, T.C., M. Meselson, J. Guillemin, and P.C. Hanna, 1999. N Engl J Med. 341, 815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mock, M. and A. Fouet, 2001. Annu Rev Microbiol. 55, 647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pezard, C., P. Berche, and M. Mock, 1991. Infect Immun. 59, 3472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Harris, S., 1992. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 666, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kunanusont, C., K. Limpakarnjanarat, and H.M. Foy, 1990. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 84, 507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Viratchai, C., 1974. J Med Assoc Thai. 57, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sirisanthana, T. and A.E. Brown, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 8, 649.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Glomski, I.J., A. Piris-Gimenez, M. Huerre, M. Mock, and P.L. Goossens, 2007. PLoS Pathog. 3, e76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Grinberg, L.M., F.A. Abramova, O.V. Yampolskaya, D.H. Walker, and J.H. Smith, 2001. Mod Pathol. 14, 482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Meselson, M., J. Guillemin, M. Hugh-Jones, A. Langmuir, I. Popova, A. Shelokov, and O. Yampolskaya, 1994. Science. 266, 1202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jernigan, J.A., D.S. Stephens, D.A. Ashford, C. Omenaca, M.S. Topiel, M. Galbraith, M. Tapper, T.L. Fisk, S. Zaki, T. Popovic, R.F. Meyer, C.P. Quinn, S.A. Harper, S.K. Fridkin, J.J. Sejvar, C.W. Shepard, M. McConnell, J. Guarner, W.J. Shieh, J.M. Malecki, J.L. Gerberding, J.M. Hughes, and B.A. Perkins, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 7, 933.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brittingham, K.C., G. Ruthel, R.G. Panchal, C.L. Fuller, W.J. Ribot, T.A. Hoover, H.A. Young, A.O. Anderson, and S. Bavari, 2005. J Immunol. 174, 5545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cleret, A., A. Quesnel-Hellmann, A. Vallon-Eberhard, B. Verrier, S. Jung, D. Vidal, J. Mathieu, and J.N. Tournier, 2007. J Immunol. 178, 7994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Collier, R.J. and J.A. Young, 2003. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 19, 45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bradley, K.A., J. Mogridge, M. Mourez, R.J. Collier, and J.A. Young, 2001. Nature. 414, 225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scobie, H.M., G.J. Rainey, K.A. Bradley, and J.A. Young, 2003. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100, 5170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Molloy, S.S., P.A. Bresnahan, S.H. Leppla, K.R. Klimpel, and G. Thomas, 1992. J Biol Chem. 267, 16396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Milne, J.C., D. Furlong, P.C. Hanna, J.S. Wall, and R.J. Collier, 1994. J Biol Chem. 269, 20607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Elliott, J.L., J. Mogridge, and R.J. Collier, 2000. Biochemistry. 39, 6706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Beall, F.A., M.J. Taylor, and C.B. Thorne, 1962. J Bacteriol. 83, 1274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Stanley, J.L. and H. Smith, 1961. J Gen Microbiol. 26, 49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wei, W., Q. Lu, G.J. Chaudry, S.H. Leppla, and S.N. Cohen, 2006. Cell. 124, 1141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Young, J.J., J.L. Bromberg-White, C. Zylstra, J.T. Church, E. Boguslawski, J.H. Resau, B.O. Williams, and N.S. Duesbery, 2007. PLoS Pathog. 3, e27.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pannifer, A.D., T.Y. Wong, R. Schwarzenbacher, M. Renatus, C. Petosa, J. Bienkowska, D.B. Lacy, R.J. Collier, S. Park, S.H. Leppla, P. Hanna, and R.C. Liddington, 2001. Nature. 414, 229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Duesbery, N.S., C.P. Webb, S.H. Leppla, V.M. Gordon, K.R. Klimpel, T.D. Copeland, N.G. Ahn, M.K. Oskarsson, K. Fukasawa, K.D. Paull, and G.F. Vande Woude, 1998. Science. 280, 734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Leppla, S.H., 1982. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 79, 3162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Drum, C.L., S.Z. Yan, J. Bard, Y.Q. Shen, D. Lu, S. Soelaiman, Z. Grabarek, A. Bohm, and W.J. Tang, 2002. Nature. 415, 396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bergman, N.H., K.D. Passalacqua, R. Gaspard, L.M. Shetron-Rama, J. Quackenbush, and P.C. Hanna, 2005. Infect Immun. 73, 1069.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Erwin, J.L., L.M. DaSilva, S. Bavari, S.F. Little, A.M. Friedlander, and T.C. Chanh, 2001. Infect Immun. 69, 1175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ribot, W.J., R.G. Panchal, K.C. Brittingham, G. Ruthel, T.A. Kenny, D. Lane, B. Curry, T.A. Hoover, A.M. Friedlander, and S. Bavari, 2006. Infect Immun. 74, 5029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Agrawal, A., J. Lingappa, S.H. Leppla, S. Agrawal, A. Jabbar, C. Quinn, and B. Pulendran, 2003. Nature. 424, 329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tournier, J.N., A. Quesnel-Hellmann, J. Mathieu, C. Montecucco, W.J. Tang, M. Mock, D.R. Vidal, and P.L. Goossens, 2005. J Immunol. 174, 4934.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gimenez, A.P., Y.Z. Wu, M. Paya, C. Delclaux, L. Touqui, and P.L. Goossens, 2004. J Immunol. 173, 521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. During, R.L., W. Li, B. Hao, J.M. Koenig, D.S. Stephens, C.P. Quinn, and F.S. Southwick, 2005. J Infect Dis. 192, 837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Paccani, S.R., F. Tonello, L. Patrussi, N. Capitani, M. Simonato, C. Montecucco, and C.T. Baldari, 2007. Cell Microbiol. 9, 924.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cleret, A., A. Quesnel-Hellmann, J. Mathieu, D. Vidal, and J.N. Tournier, 2006. J Infect Dis. 194, 86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Comer, J.E., A.K. Chopra, J.W. Peterson, and R. Konig, 2005. Infect Immun. 73, 8275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fang, H., R. Cordoba-Rodriguez, C.S. Lankford, and D.M. Frucht, 2005. J Immunol. 174, 4966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fang, H., L. Xu, T.Y. Chen, J.M. Cyr, and D.M. Frucht, 2006. J Immunol. 176, 6155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Friedlander, A.M., 1986. J Biol Chem. 261, 7123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lin, C.G., Y.T. Kao, W.T. Liu, H.H. Huang, K.C. Chen, T.M. Wang, and H.C. Lin, 1996. Curr Microbiol. 33, 224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Park, J.M., F.R. Greten, Z.W. Li, and M. Karin, 2002. Science. 297, 2048.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Popov, S.G., R. Villasmil, J. Bernardi, E. Grene, J. Cardwell, A. Wu, D. Alibek, C. Bailey, and K. Alibek, 2002. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 293, 349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Shin, S., Y.B. Kim, and G.H. Hur, 1999. Cell Biol Toxicol. 15, 19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kassam, A., S.D. Der, and J. Mogridge, 2005. Cell Microbiol. 7, 281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Alileche, A., E.R. Serfass, S.M. Muehlbauer, S.A. Porcelli, and J. Brojatsch, 2005. PLoS Pathog. 1, e19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Park, J.M., F.R. Greten, A. Wong, R.J. Westrick, J.S. Arthur, K. Otsu, A. Hoffmann, M. Montminy, and M. Karin, 2005. Immunity. 23, 319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hsu, L.C., J.M. Park, K. Zhang, J.L. Luo, S. Maeda, R.J. Kaufman, L. Eckmann, D.G. Guiney, and M. Karin, 2004. Nature. 428, 341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Boyden, E.D. and W.F. Dietrich, 2006. Nat Genet. 38, 240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Tschopp, J., F. Martinon, and K. Burns, 2003. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 4, 95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wright, G.G. and G.L. Mandell, 1986. J Exp Med. 164, 1700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. O’Brien, J., A. Friedlander, T. Dreier, J. Ezzell, and S. Leppla, 1985. Infect Immun. 47, 306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Comer, J.E., C.L. Galindo, F. Zhang, A.M. Wenglikowski, K.L. Bush, H.R. Garner, J.W. Peterson, and A.K. Chopra, 2006. Microb Pathog. 41, 96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Pickering, A.K., M. Osorio, G.M. Lee, V.K. Grippe, M. Bray, and T.J. Merkel, 2004. Infect Immun. 72, 6382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Glomski, I.J., J.H. Fritz, S.J. Keppler, V. Balloy, M. Chignard, M. Mock, and P.L. Goossens, 2007. Cell Microbiol. 9, 502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Paccani, S.R., F. Tonello, R. Ghittoni, M. Natale, L. Muraro, M.M. D’Elios, W.J. Tang, C. Montecucco, and C.T. Baldari, 2005. J Exp Med. 201, 325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Firoved, A.M., G.F. Miller, M. Moayeri, R. Kakkar, Y. Shen, J.F. Wiggins, E.M. McNally, W.J. Tang, and S.H. Leppla, 2005. Am J Pathol. 167, 1309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Maldonado-Arocho, F.J., J.A. Fulcher, B. Lee, and K.A. Bradley, 2006. Mol Microbiol. 61, 324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Duverger, A., R.J. Jackson, F.W. van Ginkel, R. Fischer, A. Tafaro, S.H. Leppla, K. Fujihashi, H. Kiyono, J.R. McGhee, and P.N. Boyaka, 2006. J Immunol. 176, 1776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Quesnel-Hellmann, A., A. Cleret, D.R. Vidal, and J.N. Tournier, 2006. Vaccine. 24, 699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Turnbull, P.C., 1991. Vaccine. 9, 533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sternbach, G., 2003. J Emerg Med. 24, 463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Shlyakhov, E.N. and E. Rubinstein, 1994. Vaccine. 12, 727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leppla, S.H., J.B. Robbins, R. Schneerson, and J. Shiloach, 2002. J Clin Invest. 110, 141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Grabenstein, J.D., 2003. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 23, 713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Baillie, L., R. Hebdon, H. Flick-Smith, and D. Williamson, 2003. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 36, 83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Little, S.F., B.E. Ivins, P.F. Fellows, and A.M. Friedlander, 1997. Infect Immun. 65, 5171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ivins, B.E., M.L. Pitt, P.F. Fellows, J.W. Farchaus, G.E. Benner, D.M. Waag, S.F. Little, G.W. Anderson, Jr., P.H. Gibbs, and A.M. Friedlander, 1998. Vaccine. 16, 1141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Singh, Y., B.E. Ivins, and S.H. Leppla, 1998. Infect Immun. 66, 3447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pitt, M.L., S. Little, B.E. Ivins, P. Fellows, J. Boles, J. Barth, J. Hewetson, and A.M. Friedlander, 1999. J Appl Microbiol. 87, 304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hering, D., W. Thompson, J. Hewetson, S. Little, S. Norris, and J. Pace-Templeton, 2004. Biologicals. 32, 17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Turnbull, P.C., M.G. Broster, J.A. Carman, R.J. Manchee, and J. Melling, 1986. Infect Immun. 52, 356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Boyaka, P.N., A. Tafaro, R. Fischer, S.H. Leppla, K. Fujihashi, and J.R. McGhee, 2003. J Immunol. 170, 5636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gaur, R., P.K. Gupta, A.C. Banerjea, and Y. Singh, 2002. Vaccine. 20, 2836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Zeng, M., Q. Xu, and M.E. Pichichero, 2007. Vaccine. 25, 5388.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mikszta, J.A., V.J. Sullivan, C. Dean, A.M. Waterston, J.B. Alarcon, J.P. Dekker, 3rd, J.M. Brittingham, J. Huang, C.R. Hwang, M. Ferriter, G. Jiang, K. Mar, K.U. Saikh, B.G. Stiles, C.J. Roy, R.G. Ulrich, and N.G. Harvey, 2005. J Infect Dis. 191, 278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bielinska, A.U., K.W. Janczak, J.J. Landers, P. Makidon, L.E. Sower, J.W. Peterson, and J.R. Baker, Jr., 2007. Infect Immun. 75, 4020.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Boyaka, P.N., J.R. McGhee, C. Czerkinsky, and J. Mestecky, 2005. in Mucosal Immunology, Mestecky, J.E.A., Editor., Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 855.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Matyas, G.R., A.M. Friedlander, G.M. Glenn, S. Little, J. Yu, and C.R. Alving, 2004. Infect Immun. 72, 1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Gu, M.L., S.H. Leppla, and D.M. Klinman, 1999. Vaccine. 17, 340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Perkins, S.D., H.C. Flick-Smith, H.S. Garmory, A.E. Essex-Lopresti, F.K. Stevenson, and R.J. Phillpotts, 2005. Genet Vaccines Ther. 3, 3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Coulson, N.M., M. Fulop, and R.W. Titball, 1994. Vaccine. 12, 1395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Garmory, H.S., R.W. Titball, K.F. Griffin, U. Hahn, R. Bohm, and W. Beyer, 2003. Infect Immun. 71, 3831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Stokes, M.G., R.W. Titball, B.N. Neeson, J.E. Galen, N.J. Walker, A.J. Stagg, D.C. Jenner, J.E. Thwaite, J.P. Nataro, L.W. Baillie, and H.S. Atkins, 2007. Infect Immun. 75, 1827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Galen, J.E., L. Zhao, M. Chinchilla, J.Y. Wang, M.F. Pasetti, J. Green, and M.M. Levine, 2004. Infect Immun. 72, 7096.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Tan, Y., N.R. Hackett, J.L. Boyer, and R.G. Crystal, 2003. Hum Gene Ther. 14, 1673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Aloni-Grinstein, R., O. Gat, Z. Altboum, B. Velan, S. Cohen, and A. Shafferman, 2005. Infect Immun. 73, 4043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zegers, N.D., E. Kluter, H. van Der Stap, E. van Dura, P. van Dalen, M. Shaw, and L. Baillie, 1999. J Appl Microbiol. 87, 309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Aziz, M.A., D. Sikriwal, S. Singh, S. Jarugula, P.A. Kumar, and R. Bhatnagar, 2005. Faseb J. 19, 1501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Koya, V., M. Moayeri, S.H. Leppla, and H. Daniell, 2005. Infect Immun. 73, 8266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Nochi, T., H. Takagi, Y. Yuki, L. Yang, T. Masumura, M. Mejima, U. Nakanishi, A. Matsumura, A. Uozumi, T. Hiroi, S. Morita, K. Tanaka, F. Takaiwa, and H. Kiyono, 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104, 10986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Price, B.M., A.L. Liner, S. Park, S.H. Leppla, A. Mateczun, and D.R. Galloway, 2001. Infect Immun. 69, 4509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Zeng, M., Q. Xu, E.D. Hesek, and M.E. Pichichero, 2006. Vaccine. 24, 662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Brossier, F., M. Levy, and M. Mock, 2002. Infect Immun. 70, 661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hahn, U.K., R. Boehm, and W. Beyer, 2006. Vaccine. 24, 4569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Brahmbhatt, T.N., S.C. Darnell, H.M. Carvalho, P. Sanz, T.J. Kang, R.L. Bull, S.B. Rasmussen, A.S. Cross, and D. O’Brien A, 2007. Infect Immun. 75, 5240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wimer-Mackin, S., M. Hinchcliffe, C.R. Petrie, S.J. Warwood, W.T. Tino, M.S. Williams, J.P. Stenz, A. Cheff, and C. Richardson, 2006. Vaccine. 24, 3953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ballard, J.D., R.J. Collier, and M.N. Starnbach, 1996. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93, 12531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Doling, A.M., J.D. Ballard, H. Shen, K.M. Krishna, R. Ahmed, R.J. Collier, and M.N. Starnbach, 1999. Infect Immun. 67, 3290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Goletz, T.J., K.R. Klimpel, N. Arora, S.H. Leppla, J.M. Keith, and J.A. Berzofsky, 1997. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94, 12059.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lu, Y., R. Friedman, N. Kushner, A. Doling, L. Thomas, N. Touzjian, M. Starnbach, and J. Lieberman, 2000. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97, 8027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Goletz, T.J., K.R. Klimpel, S.H. Leppla, J.M. Keith, and J.A. Berzofsky, 1997. Hum Immunol. 54, 129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Zhang, Y., Y. Kida, K. Kuwano, Y. Misumi, Y. Ikehara, and S. Arai, 2001. Microbiol Immunol. 45, 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Veterinary Biosciences, Internal Medicine and Center for Microbial Interface Biology The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Prosper N. Boyaka & Alexandra Duverger

Authors
  1. Prosper N. Boyaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexandra Duverger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jean-Nicolas Tournier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Davis School of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA

    Michael Vajdy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boyaka, P.N., Duverger, A., Cormet-Boyaka, E., Tournier, JN. (2008). Mucosal Immunity Against Anthrax. In: Vajdy, M. (eds) Immunity Against Mucosal Pathogens. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8412-6_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation