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Structural association of glia with the various compartments of neurons

  • Chapter
Glial ⇔ Neuronal Signaling

Abstract

Neurons are cells that receive, transform and propagate information. For this purpose, they are endowed with a variety of processes or other cellular compartments, dedicated to one or more of these tasks. Generally, neurons are polarized in that one pole is optimized to receive information, and the other to transmit it to targets such as other neurons, muscles, glands, or to the circulating blood. The receptor pole may consist of a sensory process, which probably has been present from the most primitive origin of the neurons (Hanström, 1928; Lenz, 1968; Kanno, 1989; Lacalli, 1990). The sensory apparatus usually involves a sensory organelle, often consisting of one or more modified cilia which are sensitive to a distinct ‘adequate’ type of stimulus (an exception may be multimodal ‘free nerve endings’ of nociceptors). In phylogenetically higher animals, most neurons are no longer capable of direct sensory reception; rather, they receive information from specialized sensory cells, and/or from other neurons. In these cases, the sensory process has been replaced by a dendritic tree, which receives information via synaptic contacts. That is, dendrites are modified sensory processes adapted to the ‘measurement’ of neurotransmitter molecules. Some vertebrate neurons still possess both a sensory process and dendrites (Vigh-Teichmann and Vigh, 1974) (Fig. 3.1). The effector pole usually consists of an axon, and its main feature is the presynaptic terminal, capable of transmitting signals (usually, in the form of secreted neurotransmitter molecules) to other cells.

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Abbreviations

AMPA:

α amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglion

GABA:

β-aminobutyric acid

GluR:

Glutamate receptors

IPL:

Inner plexiform layer

LC:

Landolt’s club

LTP:

Long term potentiation

NO:

Nitric oxide

PAPs:

Peripheral astroglial processes

PGPs:

Peripheral glial processes

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PRC:

Photoreceptor cells

RIS:

Rod inner segments

ROS:

Rod outer segments

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

    Andreas Reichenbach & Jens Grosche

  2. Anatomical Institute, Cologne University, Germany

    Amin Derouiche

  3. Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel

    Menachem Hanani

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  1. Andreas Reichenbach
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  2. Amin Derouiche
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  4. Menachem Hanani
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  1. Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Clifornia, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Glenn I. Hatton  & Vladimir Parpura  & 

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Reichenbach, A., Derouiche, A., Grosche, J., Hanani, M. (2004). Structural association of glia with the various compartments of neurons. In: Hatton, G.I., Parpura, V. (eds) Glial ⇔ Neuronal Signaling. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-7937-5_3

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