Skip to main content

Primate Tibiae from the Middle Eocene Shanghuang Fissure-Fillings of Eastern China

  • Chapter
Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology

Since this is a volume in celebration of the work of Frederick S. Szalay, we think it is entirely appropriate to open with an appreciation. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Szalay’s innovative efforts to bring the study of mammalian postcranial remains to the forefront of evolutionary morphology, a development that has inspired all of our research. MD thanks Dr. Szalay for being a supportive mentor, for instilling a broad and deep understanding of evolutionary biology, for generously allowing a naive graduate student access to important fossil specimens, and for providing the most stimulating environment for research. DLG thanks Dr. Szalay for his many kindnesses and thoughtful discussions over the years, and celebrates his intuitive ability to demonstrate how postcranial morphology can be used to decipher important evolutionary events in mammalian evolution. KCB acknowledges the intellectual debt he owes to Dr. Szalay, whose comprehensive studies of the systematics, phylogenetic relationships, and functional anatomy of Paleogene primates and other mammals has inspired subsequent generations to continue that legacy. XN and TQ congratulate Dr. Szalay on a long and productive career. Although this essay does not exhibit the breadth and depth typical of Fred’s work, it does in its own small way build upon themes evident in his own: the important contribution postcranial remains make to the interpretation of primate and mammalian evolution, systematics, and functional morphology (Szalay et al, 1975, 1987; Szalay, 1977, 1981a, b, 1984, 2007; Szalay and Drawhorn, 1980; Szalay and Lucas, 1993; Szalay and Sargis, 2001).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Beard, K. C., 2002. Basal anthropoids. In: Hartwig, W. C. (Eds.), The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 133–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard, K. C., Dagosto, M., Gebo, D. L., Godinot, M., 1988. Interrelationships among primate higher taxa. Nature 331, 712–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beard, K. C., Qi, T., Dawson, M. R., Wang, B., Li, C., 1994. A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. Nature 368, 604–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beard, K. C., Tong, Y. S., Dawson, M. R., Wang, J. W., Huang, X. S., 1996. Earliest complete dentition of an anthropoid primate from the Late Middle Eocene of Shanxi Province, China. Science 272, 82–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, J. I., Boyer, D. M., 2007. New skeletons of Paleocene–Eocene plesiadapiformes: A diversity of arboreal positional behaviors in early primates. In: Ravosa, M., Dagosto, M. (Eds.), Primate Origins: Adaptation and Evolution. Kluwer, New York, pp. 535–582.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Covert, H. H., Hamrick, M. W., 1993. Description of new skeletal remains of the early Eocene anaptomorphine primate Absarokius (Omomyidae) and a discussion about its adaptive profile. Journal of Human Evolution 25, 351–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dagosto, M., 1985. The distal tibia of primates with special reference to the Omomyidae. International Journal of Primatology 6, 45–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dagosto, M., Gebo, D. L., 1994. Postcranial anatomy and the origin of the Anthropoidea. In: Fleagle, J. G., Kay, R. F. (Eds.), Anthropoid Origins. Plenum, New York, pp. 567–594.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dagosto, M., Gebo, D. L., Beard, K. C., Qi, T., 1996. New primate postcranial remains from the middle Eocene Shanghuang fissures, southeastern China. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 22, 92–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagosto, M., Gebo, D. L., Beard, K. C., 1999. Revision of the Wind River Faunas, early Eocene of Central Wyoming. Part 14. Postcranium of Shoshonius cooperi (Mammalia, Primates). Annals of Carnegie Museum 68, 175–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M. R., Wang, B. Y., 2001. Middle Eocene Ischyromyidae (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Shanghuang fissures, Southeastern China. Annals of Carnegie Museum 70(3), 221–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle, J. G., Meldrum, D. J., 1988. Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas. American Journal of Primatology 16, 227–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle, J. G., Simons, E. L., 1983. The tibio-fibular articulation in Apidium phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid. Nature 301, 238–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleagle, J. G., Simons, E. L., 1995. Limb skeleton and locomotor adaptations of Apidium phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid from Egypt. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97, 235–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, S. M., 1986. Systematics of the New World Monkeys. In: Swindler, D., Erwin, J. (Eds.), Comparative Primate Biology. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 73–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, S. M., 1990. Locomotor adaptations of fossil platyrrhines. Journal of Human Evolution 19, 141–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebo, D. L., Dagosto, M., 2004. Anthropoid origins: Postcranial evidence from the Eocene of Asia. In: Ross, C. F., Kay, R. F. (Eds.), Anthropoid Origins: New Visions. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp. 369–380.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gebo, D. L., Dagosto, M., Beard, K. C., Qi, T., 2000a. The smallest primates. Journal of Human Evolution 38, 585–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebo, D. L., Dagosto, M., Beard, K. C., Qi, T., Wang, J. W., 2000b. The oldest known anthropoid postcranial fossils and the early evolution of higher primates. Nature 404, 276–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebo, D. L., Dagosto, M., Beard, K. C., Qi, T., 2001. Middle Eocene primate tarsals from China: Implications for haplorhine evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 116(2), 83–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, W. K., 1920. On the structure and relations of Notharctus: an American Eocene primate. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 3, 51–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell, G. F., Miller, E. R., 2001. Origin of Anthropoidea: Dental evidence and recognition of early anthropoids in the fossil record, with comments on the Asian anthropoid radiation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114(3), 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell, G. F., Rose, K. D., 2002. Tarsiiformes: Evolutionary history and adaptation. In: Hartwig, W. C. (Eds.), The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 45–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafferl, A., 1932. Bau und funktion des Affenfusses. Ein beitrag zur Gelenk und Muskelmechanic. II. Die prosimier. Zeitschrift fur Anatomie und Entwicklung Gesellschaft 99, 63–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jouffroy, F. K., Berge, C., Niemitz, C., 1984. Comparative study of the lower extremity in the genus Tarsius. In: Niemitz, C. (Eds.), Biology of Tarsiers. G. Fischer, New York, pp. 167–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, R. F., Williams, B. A., Ross, C. F., Takai, M., Shigehara, N., 2004. Anthropoid origins: A phylogenetic analysis. In: Ross, C. F., Kay, R. F. (Eds.), Anthropoid Origins: New Visions. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp. 91–135.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum, D. J., Kay, R. F., 1997. Postcranial skeleton of Laventan platyrrhines. In: Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L., Flynn, J. J. (Eds.), Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 459–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi, T., Beard, K. C., 1996. Nanotitian shanguhangensis, gen. et sp. nov.: The smallest known bronothere (Mammalia:Perissodactyla). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16, 578–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi, T., Beard, K. C., Wang, B. Y., Dawson, M. R., Guo, J. W., Li, C. K., 1996. The Shanghuang mammalian fauna, Middle Eocene of Jiangsu: history of discovery and significance. Vertebrata Palasiatica 34, 202–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, D. T., Conroy, G. C., Simons, E. L., 1998. Tarsier-like locomotor specializations in the Oligocene primate Afrotarsius. PNAS 95, 14848–14850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C., Williams, B., Kay, R. F., 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of anthropoid relationships. Journal of Human Evolution 35, 221–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossie, J. B., Ni, X., Beard, K. C., 2006. Cranial remains of an Eocene tarsier. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103(12), 4381–4385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlosser, M., 1907. Bietrag zur Osteologie und systematischen Stellung der Gattung Necrolemur, sowie zur Stammesgeschicte der Primaten ueberhaupt. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1907, 199–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., 1977. Phylogenetic relationships and a classification of the eutherian Mammalia. In: Hecht, M., Goody, P., Hecht, B. (Eds.), Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution. Plenum, New York, pp. 315–374.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., 1981a. Functional analysis and the practice of the phylogenetic method as reflected in some mammalian studies. American Zoologist 21, 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., 1981b. Phylogeny and the problem of adaptive significance: the case of the earliest primates. Folia Primatologica 36, 157–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., 1984. Arboreality: Is it homologous in metatherian and eutherian mammals. In: Hecht, M., Wallace, B., Prance, G. (Eds.), Evolutionary Biology. Plenum, New York, pp. 215–258.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., 2000. Eosimiidae. In: Delson, E., Tattersall, I., Van Couvering, J., Brooks, A. S. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory. Garland, New York, pp. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., 2007. Ancestral locomotor modes, placental mammals, and the origin of Euprimates: Lessons from history. In: Ravosa, M. J., Dagosto, M. (Eds.), Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution. Springer, New York, pp. 457–487.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., Decker, R. L., Tattersall, I., 1975. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiadapis: postcranial evidence. In: Szalay, F. (Eds.), Approaches to Primate Paleobiology. Karger, New York, pp. 136–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., Delson, E., 1979. Evolutionary History of the Primates. New York, Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., Drawhorn, G., 1980. Evolution and diversification of the Archonta in an arboreal milieu. In: Luckett, W. (Eds.), Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships of Tree Shrews. Plenum, New York, pp. 133–169.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., Lucas, S. G., 1993. Cranioskeletal morphology of archontans, and diagnoses of Chiroptera, Volitania, and Archonta. In: MacPhee, R. (Eds.), Primates and their Relatives in Phylogenetic Perspective. Plenum, New York, pp. 187–226.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., Sargis, E. J., 2001. Model based analysis of postcranial osteology of marsupials from the Paleocene of Itaborai (Brazil) and the phylogenetics and biogeography of Metatheria. Geodiversitas 23, 139–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., Rosenberger, A. L., Dagosto, M., 1987. Diagnosis and differentiation of the Order Primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 30, 75–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., Dawson, M. R., 1994. A primitive cricetid (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the Middle Eocene of Jiangsu Province, China. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 63(3), 239–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. L., Gebo, D. L., 2004. Unique proximal tibial morphology in strepsirrhine primates. American Journal of Primatology 64(3), 293–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dagosto, M., Gebo, D.L., Ni, X., Qi, T., Beard, K.C. (2008). Primate Tibiae from the Middle Eocene Shanghuang Fissure-Fillings of Eastern China. In: Sargis, E.J., Dagosto, M. (eds) Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6997-0_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics