Networks based on Internet protocol (IP) have become ubiquitous in the recent years, thus creating an increasing popularity for voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) communications. VoIP technology has been subsequently deployed rapidly in the wireline segment and is expected to have similar impact in wireless networks. As mentioned in chapter 3, four major factors are responsible for the growing interest in VoIP services over wireless networks:
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The business interest [1]
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The universal presence of IP [1]
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The shift from circuit-switched to packet-switched architecture [1]
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The wide acceptance and need for wireless speech services
Unlike its wireline counterpart, the wireless access network is highly erroneous due to fading, shadowing and interferences. This may result in a frame error rate (FER) as high as 10% [3]. To cope with such a high FER in 3G systems (e.g. UMTS and CDMA2000) and in WLANs, the data link control (DLC) layer of wireless access part includes along with the medium access control (MAC), a radio link protocol (RLP) [4] or a radio link control sub-layer. The purpose of this sub-layer is to provide extra reliability to the layer 2 on top of MAC through an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol, because the link layer was primarily designed for wireline access networks, experiencing much less loss. In some systems, this sub-layer can work in transparent and non-transparent. In transparent mode, the extra-reliability is not provided.
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(2009). Impact of Signalling on Real-Time Services: SIP Session Setup Delay. In: Voice over IP in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6631-3_6
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