Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Paraoxonase 1 and Postprandial Lipemia

  • Chapter
The Paraoxonases: Their Role in Disease Development and Xenobiotic Metabolism

Part of the book series: Proteins And Cell Regulation ((PROR,volume 6))

  • 644 Accesses

Abstract

Risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) include decreased insulin sensitivity and glucose intolerance, hypertension, increased body fat mass, unfavorable body fat distribution, the prothrombotic state and dyslipidemia. A clustering of these metabolic disturbances is also seen in Insulin Resistance and the metabolic syndrome. It has been shown that lipoproteins, triglycerides (TG), fatty acids and glucose can activate endothelial cells most likely due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevation of TG, fatty acids and glucose are common disturbances in the metabolic syndrome and are most prominent in the postprandial phase. Furthermore, postprandial lipemia has been associated with decreased HDL-C concentrations. The postprandial phase is therefore considered to be a pro-atherogenic and pro-oxidative condition. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a HDL-associated enzyme with the ability to hydrolyze oxidized lipids, reducing oxidative stress in lipoproteins and in macrophages. Postprandial HDL-C decrease is associated with a decrease of PON1 activity. Subjects at risk for CHD, such as type 2 diabetics and patients with hypercholesterolemia have low PON1 activity. Furthermore, expression of PON1 inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Classic determinants of postprandial lipemia such as fasting TG, apolipoprotein B (apoB) and central obesity do not predict the postprandial PON1 activity and drugs like statins, glitazons and metformin do not affect the postprandial PON1 changes, although some effects on fasting concentrations may be seen. Lifestyle interventions using the Mediterranean diet increase PON1 activity and may thereby decrease the risk fro atherosclerosis

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, C.A., Mackness, M.I., Kumar, S., Boulton, A.J., Durrington, P.N., 1995, Serum paraoxonase activity, concentration, and phenotype distribution in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to serum lipids and lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 15:1812–1818.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aviram, M., Hardak, E., Vaja, J., Mahmood, S., Milo, S., Hoffman, A., Billicke, S., Draganov, D., Rosenblat, M., 2000, Human serum paraoxonases (PON1) Q and R selectively decrease lipid peroxides in human coronary and carotid atherosclerotic lesions: PON1 esterase and peroxidase-like activities. Circulation, 101:2510–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aviram, M., Rosenblat, M., Bisgaier, C.L., Newton, R.S., Primo-Parmo, S.L., La Du, B.N., 1998, Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions. A possible peroxidative role for paraoxonase. J Clin Invest, 101:1581–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Billicke, S., Draganov, D., Counsell, R., Stetson, P., Watson, C., Hsu, C., La Du, B.N., 2000, Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) isozymes Q and R hydrolyze lactones and cyclic carbonate esters. Drug Metab Dispos, 28:1335–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, G.J., Ridker, P.M., 2001, Novel clinical markers of vascular wall inflammation. Circ Res, 89(9):763–771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, S., Aviram, M., Ben-Amotz, A., Levy, Y., 2006, Effect of Mediterranean meal on postprandial carotenoids, paraoxonase activity and C-reactive protein levels. Ann Nutr Metab, 50(1):20–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonora, E., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Targher, G. et al., 1998, Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders: the Bruneck Study. Diabetes, 47(10):1643–1649.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald, E., 1997, Shattuck lecture–cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med, 337(19):1360–1369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunzell, J.D., Hazzard, W.R., Porte, D.J., Bierman, E.L., 1973, Evidence for a common, saturable, triglyceride removal mechanism for chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in man. J Clin Invest, 52, 1578–1585.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro Cabezas, M., 2003, Postprandial lipemia in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Biochem Soc Trans, 31:1090–1093.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro Cabezas, M., Erkelens, D.W., 1998b, The direct way from gut to vessel wall: atheroinitiation. Eur J Clin Invest, 28:504–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro Cabezas, M., De Bruin, T.W.A., Jansen, H., Kock, L.A.W., Kortlandt, W., Erkelens, D.W., 1993, Impaired chylomicron remnant clearance in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb, 13:804–814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro Cabezas, M., De Bruin, T.W.A., Westerveld, H.E., Meijer, E., Erkelens, D.W., 1998a, Delayed chylomicron remnant clearance in subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med, 244:299–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro Cabezas, M., Van Heusden, G.P.H., de Bruin, T.W.A., van Beckhoven, J.R.C.M., Kock, L.A.W., Wirtz, K.W.A., Erkelens, D.W., 1993, Reverse cholesterol transport: relationship between free cholesterol uptake and HDL3 in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. Eur J Clin Invest, 23:122–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro Cabezas, M., Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Erkelens, D.W., 2001, Gender differences in diurnal triglyceride profiles in healthy normolipidemic subjects. Atherosclerosis, 155:219–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coll, B., Van Wijk, J.P.H., Parra, S., Castro Cabezas, M., Hoepelman, I.M., Alonos Vilaverde, C., De Koning, E.J.P., Camps, J., Ferre, N., Rabelink, T.J., Tous, M., Joven, J., 2006, Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on postprandial paraoxonase-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with lipodystrophy. Eur J Pharmacol, 544:104–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppack, S.W., 1997, Postprandial lipoproteins in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med, 14(Suppl 3):S67–S74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Despres, J.P., Lamarche, B., Mauriege, P., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G.R., Moorjani, S. et al., 1996, Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med, 334(15):952–957.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Despres, J.P., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P.J., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., Bouchard, C., 1990, Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, 10(4): 497–511.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, M., Angelin, B., Henriksson, P., Ericsson, S., Vitols, S., Berglund, L., 1991, Metabolism of lipoprotein remnants in humans. Studies during intestinal infusion of fat and cholesterol in subjects with varying expression of the low density lipoprotein receptor. Arterioscler Thromb, 11:827–837.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrannini, E., Haffner, S.M., Mitchell, B.D., Stern, M.P., 1991, Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia, 34(6):416–422.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontbonne, A., Eschwege, E., Cambien, F., Richard, J.L., Ducimetiere, P., Thibult, N. et al. 1989, Hypertriglyceridaemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Results from the 11-year follow-up of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia, 32(5):300–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Aviram, M., 2005, Paraoxonase (PON1) is present in postprandial chylomicrons. Atherosclerosis, 180; 55–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrman, B., Volkova, N., Aviram, M., 2006, Postprandial serum triacylglycerols and oxidative stress in mice after consumption of fish oil, soy oil or olive oil: Possible role for paraoxonase-1 triacylglycerol lipase-like activity. Nutrition, 22:922–930.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geluk, C.A., Halkes, C.J.M., de Jaegere, P.P.Th., Plokker, Th.W.M., Castro Cabezas, M. 2004, Daytime triglyceridemia in normocholesterolemic patients with premature atherosclerosis and in their first-degree relatives. Metabolism, 53:49–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, R.B., Mellies, M.J., Sacks, F.M., Moye, L.A., Howard, B.V., Howard, W.J. et al. 1998, Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. The Care Investigators. Circulation, 98(23):2513–2519.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haffner, S.M., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Pyorala, K., Laakso, M., 1998, Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 339(4):229–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halkes, C.J.M., Van Dijk, H., De Jaegere, P.P.Th., Plokker, H.W.M., Erkelens, D.W., Castro Cabezas, M., 2001, Postprandial increase of complement component 3 in normolipidemic patients with coronary artery disease. Effects of expanded dose simvastatin. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol, 21:1526–1530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halkes, C.J.M., Van Dijk, H., De Jaegere, P.P.Th., Plokker, H.W.M., Erkelens, D.W., Castro Cabezas, M., 2003, Gender differences in postprandial ketone bodies in normolipidemic subjects and in untreated patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Med, 23:1875–1880.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W.B., McGee, D.L., 1979, Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Diabetes Care, 2(2):120–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kris-Etherton, P.M., Harris, W.S., Appel, L.J., for the Nutrition Committee, 2003, Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arteroscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23:e20–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laakso, M., Lehto, S., Penttila, I., Pyorala, K., 1993, Lipids and lipoproteins predicting coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Circulation, 88(4 Pt 1):1421–1430.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G.F., O’Meara, N.M., Soltys, P.A., Blackman, J.D., Iverius, P.H., Pugh, W.L. et al. 1991, Fasting hypertriglyceridemia in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an important predictor of postprandial lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72(4):934–944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G.F., Steiner, G., 1996, Hypertriglyceridemia and its metabolic consequences as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev, 12(1):37–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackness, B., Quarck, R., Verreth, W., Mackness, M., Holvoet, P., 2006, Human praoxonase-1 overexpression inhibits atherosclerosis in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol, 26:1545–1550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackness, M.I., Harty, B., Bhatnagar, D., Wincour, P.H., Arrol, S., Ishola, M., Durrington, P.N., 1991, Serum Paraoxonase activity in familial hypercholesterolemia and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis, 86:193–199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackness, M.I., Mackness, B., Durrington, P.N., Connelly, P.W., Hegele, R.A., 1996, Paraoxonase: biochemistry, genetics and relationship to plasma lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol, 7:69–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meijssen, S., van Dijk, H., Verseyden, C., Erkelens, D.W., Castro Cabezas, M., 2002, Delayed and exaggerated postprandial complement 3 response in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol, 22:811–816.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, D.M., Meigs, J., Singer, D.E., 1997, The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: how sweet it is or is it? Lancet, 350(Suppl 1):SI4–SI9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patsch, J.R., Miesenbö ck, G., Hopferwieser, T., Mü, V., Knapp, E., Dunn, J.K., Gotto, A.M., Patsch, W., 1991, Relation to triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb, 12:1336–1345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyorala, K., Pedersen, T.R., Kjekshus, J., Faergeman, O., Olsson, A.G., Thorgeirsson, G., 1997, Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care, 20(4):614–620.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven, G.M., 1988, Banting lecture. Role of insulin resistance in human diseae. Diabetes, 37:1595–1607.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rozenberg, O., Rosenblat, M., Coleman, R., Shih, D.M., Aviram, M., 2003, Paraoxonase (PON1) deficiency is associated with increased macrophage oxidative stress: studies in PON1-knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med, 34:774–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinsztein, D.C., Cohen, J.C., Berger, M., van der Westhuyzen, D.R., Coetzee, G.A., Gevers, W., 1990, Chylomicron remnant clearance from the plasma is normal in familial hypercholesterolemic homozygotes with defined receptor defects. J Clin Invest, 86:1306–1312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senti, M., Nogues, X., Botet, J.P., Rubies-Prat, J., Vidal Barraquer, F., 1992, Lipoprotein profile in men with peripheral vascular disease: Role of intermediate density lipoproteins and apoprotein E phenotypes. Circulation, 85:30–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, W.H.F., Walker, R.J., de Jong, S.A., van Rij, A.M., Phillips, V., Walker, H.L., 1999, Reduced postprandial serum paraoxonase activity after a meal rich in used cooking fat. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19:1340–1347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syvä nne, M., Hilden, H., Taskinen, M.R., 1994, Abnormal metabolism of postprandial lipoproteins in patients with non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is not related to coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res, 35(1):15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syvä nne, M., Taskinen, M.R., 1997, Lipids and lipoproteins as coronary risk factors in non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 350(Suppl 1):SI20–SI23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R.C., Millns, H., Neil, H.A., Stratton, I.M., Manley, S.E., Matthews, D.R. et al., 1998, Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ, 316(7134):823–828.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Alipour, A., Plokker, T.W., Sniderman, A.D., Castro Cabezas, M., 2007, The metabolic syndrome in relation to complement component 3 and postprandial lipemia in patients from an outpatient lipid clinic and healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis, 190:167–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Castro Cabezas, M., Ribalta, J., Masana, L.L., Twickler, Th.B., Remijnse, T.A., Erkelens, D.W., 2000, Diurnal triglyceride profiles in healthy normolipidemic male subjects are related to insulin sensitivity, body composition and diet. Eur J Clin Invest, 30:964–971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Plokker, H.W.M., Van Asbeck, B.S., Rabelink, T.J., Van Kessel, K.P.M., Jansen, A.H.J.M., Stehouwer, C.D.A., Castro Cabezas, M., 2006, Effects of rosuvastatin on postprandial leukocytes in mildly hyperlipidemic patients with premature coronary sclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 185:331–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Rabelink, T.J., Verseyden, C., Sijmonsma, T.P., Plokker, H.W.M., De Jaegere, P.P.Th., Castro Cabezas, M., 2004c, Activation of leukocytes by postprandial lipemia in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis, 177:175–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Sijmonsma, T.P., Verseyden, C., Jansen, E.H.J.M., de Koning, E.J.P., Rabelink, T.P., Castro Cabezas, M., 2003, Postprandial recruitment of neutrophils is associated with endothelial dysfunction. J Lipid Res, 44:576–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Van Wijk, J.P.H., Castro Cabezas, M., 2004a, Lipaemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis: Novel Opportunities in the Understanding and Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Drugs, 64(Suppl 2):19–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oostrom, A.J.H.H.M., Van Dijk, H., Verseyden, C., Sniderman, A.D., Cianflone, K., Rabelink, T.J., Castro Cabezas, M., 2004b, A mixed meal prevents the fat-mediated postprandial rise of complement component 3 by enhanced insulin-mediated free fatty acid trapping. Am J Clin Nutr, 79:510–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wijk, J.P.H., Buirma, R., Van Tol, A., Halkes, C.J.M., De Jaegere, P.P.Th., Plokker, H.W.M., Van der Helm, Y.J.M., Castro Cabezas, M., 2005, Effects of increasing doses of simvastatin on fasting lipoprotein subfractions, and the effect of high-dose simvastatin on postprandial chylomicron remnant clearance in normotriglyceridemic patients with premature coronary sclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 178:147–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wijk, J.P.H., Coll, B., Castro Cabezas, M., Camps, J., Rabelink, T.J., Mackness, B., Joven, J., 2006b, Rosiglitazone modulates fasting and postprandial paraoxonase activity in type 2 diabetic patients. CEPP, 33:1134–1137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wijk, J.P.H., De Koning, E.J.P., Castro Cabezas, M., Joven, J., Op ’t Roodt, J., Rabelink, T.J., Hoepelman, I.M., 2006a, Functional and structural markers of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. J Am Coll Cardiol, 47(6):1117–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verseyden, C., Meijssen, S., Castro Cabezas, M., 2004, Effects of Atorvastatin on Fasting Plasma and Marginated Apolipoproteins B48 and B100 in Large, Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:5021–5029.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verseyden, C., Meijssen, S., van Dijk, H., Jansen, H., Castro Cabezas, M., 2003, Effects of atorvastatin on fasting and postprandial complement component 3 response in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res, 44:2100–2108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, A.J., Sutherland, W.H., Mann, J.I., Williams, S.M., 2001, The effect of meals rich in thermally stressed olive and safflower oils on postprandial serum paraoxonase activity in patients with diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr, 55:951–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zilversmit, D.B., 1979, Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon. Circulation, 60(3):473–485.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    A. Alipour, A.P. Rietveld, J.W.F. Elte & M. Castro Cabezas

  2. Centre de Recerca Biomèdica and Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Reus, Spain

    B. Coll, J. Marsillach, J. Camps & J. Joven

Authors
  1. A. Alipour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Coll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A.P. Rietveld
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Marsillach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. Camps
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. Joven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J.W.F. Elte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. M. Castro Cabezas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Manchester, U.K

    Bharti Mackness

  2. University of Manchester, U.K

    Mike Mackness

  3. Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

    Michael Aviram

  4. University of Debrecen, Hungary

    György Paragh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alipour, A. et al. (2008). Paraoxonase 1 and Postprandial Lipemia. In: Mackness, B., Mackness, M., Aviram, M., Paragh, G. (eds) The Paraoxonases: Their Role in Disease Development and Xenobiotic Metabolism. Proteins And Cell Regulation, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6561-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6561-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6560-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6561-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation