Abstract
Lipid abnormalities are among the most important risk factors of the development of atherosclerosis. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-methyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (statins) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha ligand (fibrates) are widely used as lipid lowering drugs in patients with disturbed lipid metabolism. Apart from reducing plasma lipid levels, these agents have additional beneficial effects on other processes involved in the atherosclerotic process. In the last few years the favourable effect of these drugs on human paraoxonase-1 activity was extensively investigated both in in vitro and in vivo studies. This chapter summarizes the results of in vivo and in vitro studies, and the putative mechanisms of altered PON1 activity caused by statin and fibrate administration. The possible causes of discrepancies in currently available data will be also discussed
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Argmann CA, Edwards JY, Sawyez CG, O’Neil CH, Hegele RA, Pickering JG, Huff MW. 2005, Regulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux through hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition: a role for RhoA in ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. J. Biol. Chem. 280:22212–22221
Audikovszky M, Pados G, Seres I, Harangi M, Fulop P, Katona E, Illyes L, Winkler G, Katona EM, Paragh G. 2006, Orlistat increases serum paraoxonase activity in obese patients. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis. [Epub ahead of print]
Aviram M, Rosenblat M. 2005, Paraoxonases and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and nutritional influences. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 16:393–399
Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS. 1998, Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil metabolites, but not parent drugs, are potent antioxidants against lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis 138:271–80
Ballantyne C, Arroll B, Shepherd J. 2005, Lipids and CVD management: towards a global consensus. Eur. Heart. J. 26(21):2224–31
Balogh Z, Fülöp P, Seres I, Harangi M, Katona E, Kosztáczky B, Paragh GY. 2001a, Effects of simvastatin on serum paraoxonase activity. Clin. Drug. Invest. 21:505–10
Balogh Z, Seres I, Harangi M, Kovács P, Kakuk G, Paragh G. 2001b, Gemfibrozil increases paraoxonase activity in type 2 diabetic patients. A new hypothesis of beneficial action of fibrates? Diab. Met. 27:604–10
Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, Jamroz A. 2002a, Differential effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coemzyme A reductase inhibitors on plasma paraoxonase 1 activity in the rat. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 54:661–71
Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, Mydlarczyk M, Jamroz A. 2002b, The effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα) agonist, fenofibrate, on lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, and plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53:463–75
Couillard C, Ruel G, Archer WR, Pomerleau S, Bergeron J, Couture P, Lamarche B, Bergeron N. 2005, Circulating levels of oxidative stress markers and endothelial adhesion molecules in men with abdominal obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(12):6454–9
Davidson M.H. 2005, Clinical significance of statin pleiotropic effects: hypotheses versus evidence. Circulation 111(18):2280–1
Deakin S, Leviev I, Guernier S, James RW. 2003, Simvastatin modulates expression of the PON1 gene and increases serum paraoxonase. A role for sterol reulatory element-binding protein-2. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23:2083–89
Draganov DI, Teiber JF, Speelman A, Osawa Y, Sunahara R, La Du BN. 2005, Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J. Lipid. Res. 46(6):1239–47
Durrington PN, Mackness MI, Bhatnagar D, Julier K, Prais H, Arrol S, Morgan J, Wood GN. 1998, Effects of two different fibric acid derivates on lipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor and paraoxonase activity in type Iib hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis 138:217–25
Fuhrman B, Koren L, Volkova N, Keidar S, Hayek T, Aviram M. 2002, Atorvastatin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients suppressed cellular uptake of oxidized-LDL by differentiating monocytes. Atherosclerosis 64:179–85
Giroux LM, Davignon J, Naruszewicz M. 1993, Simvastatin inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins by activated human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1165(3):335–8
Gouédard C, Koum-Besson N, Barouki R, Morel Y. 2003, Opposite regulation of the human paraoxonase-1 gene PON-1 by fenofibrate and statins. Mol. Pharmacol. 64(4):945–56
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ. 2004, Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44:720–732
Harangi M, Seres I, Varga Z, Emri G, Szilvassy Z, Paragh G, Remenyik E. 2004, Atorvastatin effect on HDL associated paraoxonase activity and oxidative DNA damage. Eur. J. Clin. Pharm. 60:685–91
Heinecke JW. 2006, Lipoprotein oxidation in cardiovascular disease: chief culprit or innocent bystander? J. Exp. Med. 203(4):813–6
Himbergen TM, van Tits LJ, Voorbij HA, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AF, Roest M. 2005, The effect of statin therapy on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels is modified by paraoxonase-1 in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J. Intern. Med. 258(5):442–9
Israelian-Konaraki Z, Reaven PD. 2005, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and atherosclerosis:from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Cardiology 103:1–9
Kassai A, Illyes L, Mirdamadi HZ, Seres I, Kalmar T, Audikovszky M, Paragh G. 2006, The effect of atorvastatin therapy on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and the antioxidant paraoxonase. Clin. Biochem. [Epub ahead of print]
Khersonsky O, Tawfik DS. 2006, The histidine 115-histidine 134 dyad mediates the lactonase activity of mammalian serum paraoxonases. J. Biol. Chem. 281(11):7649–56
Kleemann M, Kooistra T. 2005, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: effects on chronic subacute inflammation and onset of atherosclerosis induced by dietary cholesterol. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. 5:441–453
Krauss RM, Siri PW. 2004, Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Med Clin North Am. 88: 897–909
Kural BV, Orem C, Uydu HA, Alver A, Orem A. 2004, The effects of lipid-lowering therapy on paraoxonase activities and their relationships with the antioxidant system in patients with dyslipidemia. Coron. Artery. Dis. 15:277–83
Li AC, Glass CK. 2004, PPAR- and LXR-dependent pathways controlling lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. J. Lipid. Res. 45(12):2161–73
Marx N, Duez H, Fruchart JC, Staels B. 2004, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis: regulators of gene expression in vascular cells. Circ. Res. 94(9):1168–78
Morrow JD. 2005, Quantification of isoprostanes as indices of oxidant stress and the risk of atherosclerosis in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25(2):279–86
Nguyen SD, Sok D. 2003, Benefitial effect of oleoylated lipids on paraoxonase 1: protection against oxidative inactivation and stabilisation. Biochem. J. 375:257–85
Ota K, Suehiro T, Arii K, Ikeda Y, Kumon Y, Osaki F, Hashimoto K. 2005, Effect of pitavastatin on transactivation of human serum paraoxonase 1 gene. Metabolism 54:142–50
Paragh G, Balogh Z, Seres I, Harangi M, Boda J, Kovacs P. 2000, Effect of gemfibrozil on HDL-associated serum paraoxonase activity and lipoprotein profile in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Clin. Drug. Invest. 19:277–82
Paragh G, Seres I, Balogh Z, Harangi M, Illyés L, Boda J, Varga ZS, Kovács P. 2003, The effect of micronised fenofibrate on serum paraoxonase activity in patients with coronary heart disease. Diab. Met. 29:613–18
Paragh G, Töröcsik D, Seres I, Harangi M. 2004, Effect of short term treatment with simvastatin and atorvastatin on lipids and paraoxonase activity in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 20:1321–27
Saini HK, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Tappia PS, Dhalla NS. 2005,Pharmacological basis of different targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 9:818–839
Soccio RE, Breslow JL. 2004, Intracellular cholesterol transport. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24(7):1150–60
Tomás M, Sentà M, GarcÃa-Faria F, Vila J, Rorrents A, Covas M, Marrugat J. 2000, Effect of simvastatin therapy on paraoxonase activity and related lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemic patiens. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20:2113–19
Tsimihodimos V, Kakafika A, Tambaki AP, Bairaktari E, Chapman MJ, Elisaf M, Tselepis AD. 2003, Fenofibrate induces HDL-associated PAF-AH but attenuates enzyme activity associated with apoB-containing lipoproteins. J. Lipid. Res. 44:927–34
Tsimihodimos V, Karabina SAP, Tambaki AP, Bairaktari E, Goudevenos JA, Chapman MJ, Elisaf M, Tselepis AD. 2002, Atorvastatin preferentially reduces LDL-associated platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in dyslipidemias of type IIa and type IIb. Arterioscler. Throm. Vasc. Biol. 22:306–11
Turay J, Grnaková V, Valka J. 2000, Changes in paraoxonase and apolipoprotein A-I, B, C-III and E in subjects with combined familial hyperlipoproteinaemia treated with ciprofibrate. Drug. Exp. Clin. Res. 26:83–88
van Wijk J, Coll B, Cabezas MC, Koning E, Camps J, Mackness B, Joven J. 2006, Rosiglitazone modulates fasting and post-prandial paraoxonase 1 activity in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 33:1134–1137
Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A. 2004, Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis: sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. World. J. Gastroenterol. 10:3081–7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paragh, G., Harangi, M., Seres, I. (2008). Effect of Lipid Lowering Medications on PON1. In: Mackness, B., Mackness, M., Aviram, M., Paragh, G. (eds) The Paraoxonases: Their Role in Disease Development and Xenobiotic Metabolism. Proteins And Cell Regulation, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6561-3_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6561-3_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6560-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6561-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)