We were not using English language anywhere around us except for school. So I faced this dilemma — why were they forcing us to learn this language which was not practically used in my life. I was told that English would be the medium of instruction in college. But I asked myself can't we continue our education in our own language? Why are these people forcing us to learn this language? I developed an aversion towards English language from the beginning. I also had this inferiority complex about this language. Even today I hesitate to speak in English. (Nirmala, 38-year-old Indian woman)
Two very different perspectives are evident in contemporary educational goals. One focuses on creating a trained workforce to adapt to the needs of industrialisation; here education links with economy. Another seeks to enrich a learner's quest in relation to self and identity. Both create tensions and dilemmas in a learner in a postcolonial society. Understanding and addressing the educational experiences of these learners in present times demand a particular sensitivity towards ‘educated hybrids’ and ‘dislocated migrants’. With particular reference to gender and feminism, Chandra Talpade Mohanty (2003) places the onus on creating sensitivity through pedagogy to understand these complexities:
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Afshar, H. (1998). Introduction: Women and empowerment — some illustrative studies. In H. Afshar (Ed.), Women and empowerment — Illustrations from the Third World. London: Macmillan.
Agnihotri, S. B. (2001). Declining infant and child mortality in India — How do girl children fare? Economic and Political Weekly, 228–233.
Ampofo, A. A., Beoku-Betts, J., Nijambi, W. N., & Osirim, M. J. (2004). Women's and gender studies in English-speaking sub-Saharan Africa: A review of research in the social sciences. Gender & Society, 18(6), 685–714.
Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (Eds.). (1995). The postcolonial studies reader. London: Routledge.
Benhabib, S. (1987). The generalized and the concrete other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan controversy and feminist theory. In S. Benhabib & D. Cornell (Eds.), Feminism as critique: Essays on the politics of gender in late-capitalist societies. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.
Bhasin, K. (1994). Let us look again at development, education and women. Convergence, 27(4), 5–13.
Chanana, K. (2001). Interrogating women's education: Bounded visions, expanding horizons. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
Chanana, K. (2003). Visibility, gender, and the careers of women faculty in an Indian University. McGill Journal of Education, 38(3), 381–389.
Cranney, B. (2001). Local environment and lived experience: The mountain women of Himachal Pradesh. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crossley, M., & Watson, K. (2003). Comparative and international research in education: Globalisation, context and difference. London: Routledge Falmer.
DasGupta, K. (1999). Negotiating the “in between” space: Third World women in American higher education. Transformations, 10(2).
Devi, M. (1995). Imaginary maps: Three stories. Translated and introduced by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. New York: Routledge.
English, L. (2003). Identity, hybridity, and third space: Complicating the lives of international adult educators. Convergence, 36(2), 67–80.
Fox, C. (1999). Girls, education and development in Papua New Guinea. In C. Heward & S. Bunwaree (Eds.), Gender, education and development for girls in Less Industrialised Countries. London: Zed.
Ganguly-Scrase, R. (2002). Renegotiating boundaries: Self perception and public debate on globalization and gender equality in India. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 8(4), 58–100.
Ghosh, R., & Talbani, A. (1996). India. In G. C. L. Mak (Ed.), Women, education, and development in Asia: Cross-national perspectives. New York: Garland.
Ghosh, R., & Zachariah, M. (Eds.). (1987). Education and the process of change. New Delhi: Sage.
Guha, P. (chair) (1974) Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India, Government of India Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Department of Social Welfare New Delhi, 1974.
Hall, S. (1996). When was the post-colonial? In I. Chambers & L. Curti (Eds.), The post-colonial question: Common skies, divided horizons. London: Routledge.
Hancock, M. (1999). Womanhood in the making: Domestic ritual and public culture in urban South India. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Heward, C., & Bunwaree, S. (Eds.). (1998). Gender education and development: Beyond access to empowerment. London: Zed.
Hickling-Hudson, A., Matthews, J., & Woods, A. (2004). Education, postcolonialism and disruptions. In A. Hickling-Hudson, J. Matthews & A. Woods (Eds.), Disrupting preconceptions: Postcolonialism and education(pp. 1–16). Brisbane: Post Pressed.
Hooks, B. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. New York: Routledge.
Howell, S. L., Carter, V. K., & Schied, F. M. (2002). Gender and women's experience at work: A critical and feminist perspective on human resource development. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(2), 112–127.
Jayawardena, K. (1986). Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. London: Zed.
Jeffery, P., & Basu, A. (1998). Appropriating gender: Women's activism and politicized religion in South Asia. New York: Routledge.
Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Refl ections on the measurement of women's empowErment. Development and Change, 30, 435–464.
Kelly, G. P. (1992). Education, women and change. In R. F. Arnove, P. G. Altbach, & G. P. Kelly (Eds.), emergent issues in education: comparative perspectives, NY, State University of New York Press. pp. 267–282.
Kelly, G. P., & Lulat, Y. Women and Schooling in the Third World: A Bibliography Comparative Education Review, Vol. 24, No. 2, Part 2, Women and Education in the Third World (Jun., 1980), pp. S224–S263.
Longwe, S. H. (2001). Women's right to unlearn. Convergence, 34(2–3), 65–72.
Loomba, A. (1998). Colonialism/postcolonialism: New critical idiom. London: Routledge.
Mankekar, P. (1999). Screening culture, viewing politics: An ethnography of television, womanhood, and nation in postcolonial India. Durham: Duke University Press.
Mohanty, C. T. (1990). On race and voice: Challenges for liberal education in the 1990s. Cultural Critique, 5(3), 179–208.
Mohanty, C. T. (1991). Introduction: Cartographies of struggle: Third world women and the politics of feminism. In C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo & L. Torres (Eds.), Third world women and the politics of feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Mohanty, C. T. (2003). “Under Western Eyes” revisited: Feminist solidarity through anticapitalist struggles. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(2), 499–535.
Okiy, R. B. (2004). The Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme and the development of school libraries in Nigeria: A catalyst for greater female participation in national development. Information Development, 20(1), 43–50.
Parekh, B. (2000). Rethinking multiculturalism: Cultural diversity and political theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pieterse, J. N., & Parekh, B. (1995). The decolonisation of the imagination: Culture, knowledge and power. London: Zed.
PROBE. (1999). Public report on basic education in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Ramachandran, V. (2000). Literacy, development and empowerment: Conceptual issues. In R. Wazir (Ed.), The gender gap in basic education: NGOs as change agents(pp. 115–149). New Delhi: Sage.
Reddy, M. C. R. (1991). Women's education in India: Problems and prospects. Convergence, 24(4), 35–42.
Roy, A. (2004). The ordinary person's guide to empire. London: Flamingo.
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York: Anchor.
Sen, A. (2005). The argumentative Indian. London: Penguin.
Sharma-Brymer, V. (2007). Being an educated woman: A phenomenological exploration. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wollongong, Wollongong.
Sharma, V. (2001). Gender inequalities in India: The need for education for emancipation. Unpublished Masters by Research, Honours Dissertation, University of Wollongong, Wollongong.
Sharma, V. (2002). Education, global citizen and further research on ecological literacy. Paper presented at the “Ecology and Outdoor Education” — ORIC Conference on outdoor education and research, Sydney.
Sharpe, J. Spivak, G. C. (2003). A conversation with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Politics and the imagination. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(2), 609–627.
Singh, J. P. (2002). Social and cultural aspects of gender inequality and discrimination in India. Asian Profile, 30(2), 163–176.
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonising methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. New York: Zed.
Sooryamoorthy, R., & Renjini, D. (2000). Political participation of women: The case of women councillors in Kerala, India. Journal of Third World Studies, 17(1), 45–61.
Spivak, G. (1996). Subaltern studies: Deconstructing historiography. In D. Landry & G. MacLean (Eds.), The Spivak reader: The selected works of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. New York: Routledge.
Spivak, G. (1999). A critique of postcolonial reason. London: Harvard University Press.
Stromquist, N. (1990). Women and illiteracy: The interplay of gender subordination and poverty. Comparative Education Review, 34(1), 95–111.
Stromquist, N. (1996). Women's education in developing countries: Barriers, benefits and policies. Comparative Education Review, 450–453.
Stromquist, N. (2005, 23 March). A social cartography of gender in education: Refl ections on an uncertain emancipatory project. Paper presented at the keynote address during Comparative and International Education Society Annual Conference, Stanford University.
Stromquist, N. P. (1998). The impact of structural adjustment programmes in Africa and Latin America. In C. Heward & S. Bunwaree (Eds.), Gender, education and development: Beyond access to empowerment. London: Zed.
Taber, P. K. (2007). Possible selves: Globalization, middle-class women and entrepreneurship in South India. In K. Kapila & A. Gupta (Eds.), Making a living: Globalization, imagination and livelihoods in contemporary India. Duke University Press.
Tagore, R. (c1961). Rabindranath Tagore, pioneer in education: Essays and exchanges between Rabindranath Tagore and L. K. Elmhirst. London: Distributed by Murray.
Talbani, A. (2001). The more things change, the more they stay the same: Women's education in India and Pakistan. Education and Society, 19(1), 5–22.
Tharu, S., & Lalita, R. (Eds.) (1993). Women writing in India: 600 BC to the early 20th century. (Vol. II). London: Pandora Press.
Thiruchandran S. (Ed.). (1999). Women, narration and nation: Collective images and multiple identities. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Tikly, L. (1999). Postcolonialism and comparative education. International Review of Education, 45, 603–621.
Tikly, L. (2001). Globalisation and education in a postcolonial world: A conceptual framework. Comparative Education Review, 37(2), 151–171.
Unterhalter, E. (2000). Transnational visions of the 1990s: Contrasting views of women, education and citizenship. In M. Arnot & J. Dillabough (Eds.), Challenging democracy: International perspectives on gender, education and citizenship. London: Routledge.
Unterhalter, E. (2005). Fragmented frameworks? Researching women, gender, education and development. In S. Aikman & E. Unterhalter (Eds.), Beyond access: Transforming policy and practice for gender equality in education(pp. 15–35). Oxford: Oxfam GB.
Vijayalakshmi, V., & Chandrashekar, B. K. (2001). Gender inequality, differences, and identities: Women and local governance in Karnataka. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change.
Vijayalakshmi, V., & Chandrashekar, B. K. (2002). Authority, powerlessness and dependence: Women and political participation. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change.
Wazir, R. (2000). Profiling the problem. In R. Wazir (Ed.), The gender gap in basic education: NGOs as change agents(pp. 15–37). New Delhi: Sage.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sharma-Brymer, V. (2009). Reflecting On Postcolonialism and Education: Tensions and Dilemmas of an Insider. In: Cowen, R., Kazamias, A.M. (eds) International Handbook of Comparative Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6403-6_42
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6403-6_42
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6402-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6403-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)