Protection of Hazardous Installations and Critical Infrastructures - Complementarity of Safety and Security Approaches

Europe has recently faced several major industrial accidents generated by various causes. They have led to a lot of casualties and major damage to the environment (e.g., Enschede 2000, Toulouse 2001, and Ath 2004). Moreover, people have already stressed the influence of terrorism in the emergence of new risks. The geopolitical context has brought about risks which cannot be completely avoided. This is demonstrated by many events, including, for example, the sarin attack, anthrax letters, USS Cole and Limburg attacks, drinking water contamination, and actions on industrial sites. Regarding SEVESO establishments and similar critical infrastructures like ports and marshalling yards, these concerns are not included in the safety report required by the authorities. In this paper, the authors establish a brief inventory of the available methodologies and tools required to elaborate a threat assessment. Then they formulate some suggestions for integrating security aspects in a risk assessment, to globalize prevention and response approaches in case of accident or intentional acts on chemical sites. An example of the adaptation of the ARAMIS methodology is explained in the last part.