Total evidence scenarios for the origin of wide and disjunct distributions in two groups of flying insects, butterflies and parasitic wasps, are discussed, with emphasis on the possible role of the break-up of Gondwana. All six families of butterflies (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, and Nymphalidae) and two families of wasps (Stephanidae and Braconidae) have been examined for obvious disjunct distributions. The evidence for the impact of the fragmentation of Pangea and Gondwana on the global distribution of butterflies and both wasp families is considered to be weak. For the basal lineages of Braconidae, occupation of the niche of galls and “pseudogalls” (e.g., aphids) has been a more important driving force than vicariance. Obviously, dispersal and extinction played an important role before and after the break-up of the continents. They are integral parts of the evolution of life, ongoing processes, now and then punctuated by vicariance events, of which the traces will become obliterated with time. Dominance of vicariance events for the evolution of the families studied in this paper is considered unlikely.
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Jong, R.D., Achterberg, C.V. (2007). Global Disjunctions and Flying Insects. In: Renema, W. (eds) Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands. Topics In Geobiology, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_1
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